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John Goodenough (American, born in 1922)

Stanley Whittingham (American, born in 1941)

Akira Yoshino (Japan, born in 1948)

　　The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to American solid-state physicists John Goodenough, Stanley Whittingham and Japanese chemist Akira Yoshino in recognition of their contributions in the field of lithium batteries. The three scientists will share the prize of 9 million Swedish kronor (about 910 thousand US dollars) equally.

　　The reporter interviewed many professors from Nanjing University and Nanjing University of Technology. All the professors interviewed were unanimous: the three professors were well-deserved, especially the 97-year-old American solid-state physicist John Goodenough. "We all think that he should have won this award long ago."

　　He set a new record for the oldest person.

　　Haruki Murakami in the scientific community: 97 years old, working every day.

　　This year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry, besides the winning project "People-friendly", another highlight is Goodenough, a 97-year-old award-winning scientist. Previously, this record was held by arthur ashe King, an American scientist who won the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics at the age of 96. Because of Goodenough in the name (meaning "good enough"), Goodenough was also humorously called "good enough" by the outside world.

　　For many years in a row, the "good enough" old man has been nominated, but he has been in a state of running with him. "Everyone thinks that the old man should have won this award long ago." Zhu Jixin, a professor at the Institute of Advanced Materials of Nanjing University of Technology, said that Goodenough has been nominated for the Nobel Prize many times, which is almost the "Haruki Murakami" in the scientific circle.

　　Previously, Goodenough has made outstanding contributions in the field of magnetic materials. For him at that time, electrochemistry belonged to the nature of "playing with tickets". "Early batteries had low discharge capacity and energy storage density. Goodenough found lithium cobaltate with layered structure as the anode of the battery, and used metal materials other than lithium as the anode, which can realize high-density energy storage. " In this way, rechargeable lithium batteries can be commercialized.

　　Now, the "good enough" old man who is over 90 years old still goes to work in the small office of the University of Texas at Austin every day. To this, he explained, "My work is not finished yet."

　　"Good enough" in Professor Nanjing’s eyes: All-rounder in arts and sciences with high output, especially loving home.

　　Many professors interviewed by this reporter are no strangers to Goodenough. Professor Jin Zhong from the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Nanjing University told the reporter that Mr. Good enough is still studying new energy storage battery systems, especially high-safety solid-state lithium batteries, which maintain high-quality scientific research output every year. At some meetings, there is no lack of him. "He is very kind and approachable. He has many new ideas and has been breaking through himself. When he speaks the report, the organization is very clear. The articles he writes not only put forward new concepts, but also explain the principles very clearly. " Admiralty said that he has also taught a group of masters of making batteries, and his disciples are all in academia and industry.

　　In academic circles, Goodenough’s "all-rounder" is also famous. From philosophy and other liberal arts disciplines to lithium battery research and other fields of science and engineering, Goodenough’s learning and scientific research stories across the liberal arts and sciences have become the benchmark for future generations to marvel at. Professor Zhou Haoshen from the Department of Energy, School of Modern Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, told the reporter that Goodenough was still a "special family lover" and his life was very warm.

　　prize motivation

　　They make the use of lithium batteries "good enough"

　　"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to three scientists, which gave a shot in the arm to the new energy field that has not won awards for many years." Professor Jin Zhong of Nanda University said that the Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to research in biochemistry and other fields for two consecutive years. This time, Mr. "Good enough" won the prize at the age of 97, which can be said to be widely expected. The award-winning research on lithium-ion batteries is a systematic research with traditional electrochemistry as the core and involving physics, chemistry, energy and materials.

　　A Professor Hao Shen from Nanda Zhou introduced that the early nickel-cadmium batteries and lead-acid batteries had low energy density. In 1970s, Stanley Whittingham, one of the winners of the 2019 Nobel Prize, made the world’s first new lithium-ion battery with titanium sulfide as the cathode material and lithium metal as the cathode material.

　　B This is undoubtedly a great progress of mobile power supply, but it has a lot of hidden dangers, because lithium metal is active, so the battery will be in danger of explosion. In order to solve this problem, Goodenough predicted that if the positive electrode was made of a metal oxide containing lithium instead of a metal sulfide, the battery would have a greater potential. In 1980, Goodenough invented the most important component in lithium batteries, lithium cobaltate cathode material. Nowadays, most portable electronic devices all over the world use this cathode material.

　　C Since then, Japanese scientist Akira Yoshino has discovered that the negative electrode can be made of carbon material and does not contain any metal. Matching the positive electrode discovered by Goodenough, he invented the first commercially feasible lithium-ion battery in 1990. Instead of using metallic lithium as the cathode, he used graphite, a carbon material that can insert lithium ions like lithium cobaltate as the cathode.

　　In 1991, the lithium-ion battery jointly invented by Akira Yoshino and Goodenough was put on the market by Sony, which marked the large-scale use of lithium-ion batteries. The original brick-like "mobile phone" no longer exists, and it is replaced by a thin mobile phone that uses lithium batteries and "slim down" the parts together.

　　At present, both electric vehicle technology and mobile electronic technology are based on the vigorous development of lithium batteries, which makes our life "good enough".

　　How to solve the problem of battery spontaneous combustion and slow charging?

　　"Super Battery" is on its way.

　　The cooperation between Akira Yoshino and Goodenough has made the lithium battery with high explosion risk safe, but readers will surely ask, why do the news of spontaneous combustion or explosion of mobile phone batteries still occasionally appear in newspapers? Admiralty explained that the fire and burning accidents of mobile phones and electric vehicles will be reported every once in a while in the news, precisely because the safety of lithium batteries is still not satisfactory. It can be said that people are still not completely satisfied with the performance of lithium-ion batteries, and further technological innovation is needed to develop a battery with high energy density, good safety, long cycle life and no pollution to the environment, which is exactly what people are looking forward to.

　　In addition, our common "complaints" about the lack of fast charging and large capacity of lithium batteries are also the future development direction of lithium batteries. Zhou Haoshen said that the "technological revolution" of lithium batteries is still on the road, and there are three main innovations: the energy density, power density and safety factor of batteries should be made higher. But there is a problem that you can’t have your cake and eat it. Therefore, Goodenough, a 97-year-old "good enough" old man, still insists on the front line of scientific research, just to solve these problems. Perhaps in the future, "super battery" will be successfully born, and new electrons with high energy density, such as lithium air battery, metal battery and lithium sulfur battery, will better change our lives.

　　A doctor from NTU has just become a "good enough" postdoctoral fellow.

　　In Nanjing University Institute of Technology, Zhou Haoshen’s lithium battery research group specializes in the research of new electrochemical energy storage materials and technologies, including lithium-ion batteries, and keeps in communication with Goodenough’s research group.

　　The reporter learned that a doctor who graduated from Nantah Institute of Technology also successfully applied for a postdoctoral position in Goodenough’s research group, officially went to the United States in September this year and began to follow Professor Goodenough as a postdoctoral position. Professor Zhou Haoshen revealed, "Yesterday, the postdoctoral fellow was still with ‘ Good enough ’ The old man discussed the work of NTU solid lithium air battery and agreed to cooperate. " (Yangzi Evening News/Zi Niu News reporter Yang Tianzi)

　　Data Map: On the third day of the first month in year of the loong, adults and children played "the games we played together in those years" at the Spring Festival Temple Fair in year of the loong, Xintiandi, Wuhan, playing marbles, kicking shuttlecock and rolling hoops. China News Agency issued ZhangChang photo

　　BEIJING, Beijing, 12 Jan (Shangguan Yun) "Drop, drop, drop the handkerchief, and gently put it behind the child. Don’t tell him, hurry up and catch him, hurry up and catch him … …” I believe that this children’s song has a place in many people’s memories. Twenty years back, in that era when the material conditions were not as rich as now, it was not one popular video game after another that occupied many people’s childhood memories, but a series of simple but memorable entertainment activities such as "finding friends", rubber-jumping and throwing sandbags.

　　For example, "turning the rope" is usually the cooperation of two people: a piece of thin rope is tied into a rope loop, put on two wrists or "put on the palm", and then woven into a pattern with fingers; The other deftly picked up the string with his fingers, connected the loop and turned it into another pattern. In this way, according to a certain routine, turn all the way down until it is turned back to its original state.

　　There are quite a lot of rope-twisting routines. Two people can play and one person can play. It is said that there are more than 2,000 patterns that can be summarized so far. However, there are only four or five styles that can be turned out by two partners: bridge, noodles … … Wang Xu, the author of the popular book At that time, recorded this kind of game in detail. He said that he could vaguely remember that the fishing net and noodles followed, from the crossed fishing net in one hand to two parallel noodles in the other’s hand, which was very vivid. "And ‘ Take a bath ’ In fact, it is an empty circle — — It turned into a bath basin, and it was soaked in soup, so I had to start all over again. "

　　"It’s not just rope climbing. When we were young, there were all kinds of fun games such as hopscotch, throwing sandbags and origami." After 90, Huang Xiaofei still remembers that girls like to play bungee jumping together in primary school. Basically, four or six people play together and are divided into two groups. One group puts on the rubber band and the other group jumps. According to the rules of the game, the jumping party loses and then replaces each other. "If you hook the rubber band, you lose. This game especially tests dexterity, sometimes ‘ Addiction ’ Come up, two people can also play, and the other end is tied to the tree. "

　　Besides bungee jumping, Li Jing, a post-90s girl, liked and often played the game of "playing glass ball" when she was a child. "Strictly speaking, boys played glass ball more than girls, so I was quite different at that time".

　　How to play "playing glass ball" Li Jing said, we should first dig a hole of moderate size on the ground, which should not be too wide or too narrow. Most of them are stuck with the diameter of the glass ball, which makes it a little difficult. "There are not too many people, and there are several different types of play. The simple thing is to draw a line away from the dug hole and bounce the glass ball in outside the line to win, which is a bit like golf; Later, it was developed to be able to bounce someone else’s glass ball into a small hole, which also counted as winning the other party. "

　　"At that time, in order to play, I collected a lot of glass balls and took money to buy them in a small store. I remember that there were one dime and one dime. Unfortunately, the technology was not pure enough, and it was not long before I was won by other little boys." Speaking of the past, Li Jing couldn’t stop smiling. "There are many types of glass balls, some of which will be embedded with patterns, which are particularly beautiful. Then I won’t be willing to take them out for the competition, and I will quietly collect them."

　　In fact, in addition to jumping rubber bands, turning ropes and playing glass balls, there are many fond memories of games in childhood, such as jumping houses, throwing sandbags, and a group of people competing to make hand-folded roses and paper crane … … Huang Xiaofei especially misses those games when she was a child. In her eyes, they are not just games, but also memories intertwined by many people of different ages. "We miss not only those games that look simple now, but a feeling and miss the quiet time in the past."

　　Wang Xu has a similar feeling. He said that the original choice to record these games was to express a feeling of nostalgia for childhood. "The most emotional games are not necessarily the most fun games, but games like soap bubbles, rope turning and handkerchief throwing that reflect childhood innocence and warm friendship between children."

　　"Most of the children don’t play these games now. If you only look at it from the perspective of playing, it may be far less interesting than what they are playing now. " Wang Xu does not deny that some of the previous games have become "outdated", but he feels that the individuality and creativity, closeness to nature and the face-to-face interaction between children in these games have all been lost. "This is a pity for the children." (Some interviewees in this article are pseudonyms) (End)

Original literature and history Jun Haoran literature and history

There are two boys serving tea in the front of (part of) Yan Yin Tu in Tang Dynasty.

An archaeological report published by the archaeological team of Shandong University officially announced the discovery of the world’s earliest tea in the ruins of the ancient city of Guo in Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong. Prior to this, the earliest tea in the world was found in the burial pit of Yangling, Emperor Liu Qi of the Han Dynasty. This discovery of Shandong University directly pushed the historical upper limit of tea drinking in China for more than 300 years. Tea, as a kind of drink, has entered the daily life of China people for a long time. With the development of history, not only tea itself and its related material forms have been developed, but also tea has entered the spiritual world of China people and become a sustenance of the elegant people. When the tea inscription meets the ancient paintings, those long-gone tea events are vividly presented in front of us. Let’s follow these ancient paintings to see the tea events in China!

Tea found in the ruins of the ancient city of Guo in Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong Province

I. Tea Affairs in Tang and Song Dynasties

China people’s acceptance of tea is a gradual process. Legend has it that tea originated from Emperor Yan Shennong, but at this time it was used as a medicinal drink. In the Warring States period, people in China had drunk tea. In the Han Dynasty, tea was still used as a medicine or food to participate in people’s lives.

The earliest and most reliable record of tea can be found in "Tong Yue" written by Wang Bao of Sichuan in the Western Han Dynasty. It records what a servant should do every day, and one of them is "brew tea does everything … Wuyang buys tea". Later, tea pots engraved with the word "tea" in the Eastern Han Dynasty were unearthed in Zhejiang and other places. This shows that tea has been quite popular in the Han Dynasty.

Although there were sporadic records about tea in Wei and Jin Dynasties, the tea culture at this time was still in a hazy period. Tea culture gradually surfaced, not only in ancient paintings, but also in systematic records, starting from the Tang Dynasty. The Classic of Tea by Lu Yu, a native of Tang Dynasty, is the first monograph on tea culture in the history of China, while The Orchid Pavilion of Xiao Yi is the first ancient painting with brew tea in the history of our country.

The Song Dynasty’s Copy of Xiao Yi Earning Lan Ting Tu, which was anonymous in Tang Dynasty.

The popularity of tea in the Tang dynasty was recorded in detail in the sealed "Feng’s Experience". It is said that during the Kaiyuan period, a monk in Lingyan Temple in Taishan forgot to eat and sleep in order to study Zen, and he relied on drinking tea to eliminate his fatigue and hunger. After the news spread, it became a custom to follow suit. From Shandong to Chang ‘an, the then capital city, and Chasiying Street, the world could beg for a cup of tea as long as it invested money.

After the publication of Lu Yu’s Tea Classics in Tang Suzong, tea culture gradually became an art, which was favored by ministers and nobles. "When the tea ceremony is popular, all princes and courtiers will drink.".

"Wu Mei Niang Legend" Tea tasting in upper class

A picture of Gong Le Tu in the Tang Dynasty depicts twelve beautiful women playing music around the table. They are holding pipa, guzheng, sheng and other musical instruments. There is a big tea basin on the table, and a maid-in-waiting is taking tea from the tea basin and giving it to everyone. A beautiful woman is making a drink, which shows that tea has become an essential thing for these princes and nobles to have fun every day.

Gong le tu in Tang dynasty

According to Lu Yu’s Book of Tea, people in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into boiled tea, nunnery tea and tea. In the Tang dynasty, people also called boiling tea fried tea. Although their names are different, their methods are generally the same. Use a "tea pot" or "tea kettle" for "boiling tea". After the tea is cooked, you need to use a tea spoon to take it to other places. The "fried tea" uses "tea pan", and after the tea is cooked, it can flow directly from the spout to the container.

Temple tea is now brewed directly with boiling water, while tea is special. In the Tang Dynasty, people mixed tea and porridge into a kind of tea porridge, and this drinking method was called "porridge".

"Xiao Yi Earns Lanting Map" Part

The painting "Xiao Yi Earns Lanting Map" tells the story of Xiao Yi defrauding Lanting Preface from the debating machine for Emperor Taizong. In the lower left corner of the painting, there is a stove boiling tea, and an old man is squatting on the ground, holding a bamboo pod and stirring the tea powder in the tea pot. The old man is on his back, his nostrils are enlarged, and he seems to appreciate the rich tea fragrance. While another teenager is holding a black lacquer lamp holder and a white porcelain bowl, leaning over and waiting to pick up the tea that is about to be fried. The instrument used by the old people to cook tea is a tea jar. After the tea is cooked, it can be poured directly into the tea cup offered by the young people. This way of frying tea was a common way in the Tang Dynasty. Besides, we can also see tea-making tools such as saucer, tea mill and tea combination in this painting.

The image expressed in "Xiao Yi Earns Lanting Map" itself is that guests come to cook tea, which inadvertently reflects the skills and related tools of tea cooking in Tang Dynasty, and shows that the method of tea cooking in Tang Dynasty has reached maturity and entered people’s daily life. It is in line with Lu Yu’s sentence: "When you are immersed in the customs, it is prosperous in the country, and the two capitals are between Jing and Yu, thinking that it is better than drinking in the house."

The maid on the left side of Tang Zhou Fang’s "Tune the piano and compose the tea" serves tea.

Song people are better at tea than Tang people, but they have the habits of Song people. Tea was divided into "piece tea" and "loose tea" by Song people. "Piece tea" is a cake that has been squeezed into cakes, while "loose tea" is tea that has not been squeezed. However, Song people like tea powder, that is, grinding tea into powder, so whether it is "piece tea" or "loose tea", it is actually tea powder.

Because of the different forms of tea, the way of drinking tea in Song Dynasty was different from that in Tang Dynasty. Tang people like to "make tea", while Song people like to "order tea". The so-called "tea-ordering" means putting the tea powder in a tea cup, adding soup to it with a tea bottle, and finally stirring the tea powder. "Ordering" also means drip. This process seems simple, but it is actually very learned. The appearance of ordering tea, a way of drinking tea, also led to the emergence of a competition about tea cooking in Song Dynasty-fighting tea.

Prepare tea map

Tea fighting, also known as "tea fighting", has several processes. At first, it is necessary to iron the tea cup, and then "paste mixing", that is, pour the tea powder into the tea cup. The most important process is to pour boiling water and stir the tea leaves with teaspoons and tea baskets. Especially when mixing with a tea basket, we should pay attention to the priorities. After mixing a bowl of good tea soup, the foam floating on the surface should be evenly spread and the foam should be close to the tea cup, which is called "biting the cup". However, if the foamed camellia is not evenly spread to reveal a gap, then the mixing fails, which is called "cloud foot scattering" or "water foot scattering".

In the Song Dynasty, we can see several people in folk costumes squatting and fighting for tea, which is a good picture of folk fighting for tea.

Song dynasty’s anonymous "dou cha tu"

Generally speaking, not all tea leaves will use tea in this way. Song Wangguan said in "Learning Forest" that "the best of tea is to sip it; Those who fry and sip it are all common ",that is to say, good tea will use the way of ordering tea, and ordinary tea will still be used to fry tea." But in fact, almost everyone in the Song Dynasty used some tea when drinking tea.

Song people like tea, from the emperor or the public to the common people. Song Huizong once painted a picture of Wen Hui Tu, which was about the literati’s elegant collection of tea. The lower part of the painting depicts several waiters waiting for soup and ordering tea, showing the literati’s love for ordering tea at that time. In addition, in order to meet their own demand for tea, the royal family in the Northern Song Dynasty specially sent a transshipment ambassador to Beiyuan, Fujian Province to make tribute tea, with the name "Dragon and Phoenix Tuancha". Song Huizong once praised it as "Dragon and Phoenix Tuancha, which is famous in the world", and even wrote "Daguan Tea Theory" himself, becoming the only emperor in China history who personally wrote the tea theory.

Wen Hui Tu by Song Huizong in Northern Song Dynasty (partial)

In the masterpiece The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, we can find tea shops everywhere in the bustling Bianjing street, which became the most important place to meet the material and spiritual needs of the citizens in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Song Zhang Zeduan’s Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival (partial)

Second, tea affairs in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

The Yuan Dynasty was a dynasty established by Mongolian ethnic minorities. Because of the difference in diet, the Mongols were not very interested in drinking tea. In addition, the country of the Yuan Dynasty was not very long, so the drinking habits of the Yuan Dynasty basically followed the way of drinking tea in the Song Dynasty. However, the Yuan Dynasty was a transitional stage. At that time, there was a tea-making method of "soaking soup to remove smoke and decocting it with soup" in the south, which was basically consistent with the tea-drinking method in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Yuan mural Dao Tong

By the Ming Dynasty, there had been another great change in the way of drinking tea in China. Because the manufacturing process of tea powder is complicated, Ming Taizu officially abolished the tribute tea in Fujian in the Song Dynasty in the 24th year of Hongwu, and changed the tea powder to make tea. The form of tea was formally changed from group tea and cake tea to loose tea, which led to the general way of making tea now. Tea powder was abandoned, and the method of ordering tea was naturally abandoned. Over time, people in the Ming Dynasty did not know what the method of ordering tea was.

Xu Cishu, a Ming Dynasty man, recorded the way of making tea in Tea and Vegetables Cooking Point: "First, hold tea in your hand, once the soup is put into the pot, throw the tea soup at hand, and cover it with a lid. When you breathe three times, you will pour it into the pot again." Although the Ming people still pay attention to the first tea soup for washing tea and the second for drinking, this way of making tea has been much simpler than the tea frying method in Tang Dynasty and the tea ordering method in Song Dynasty.

Ming anonymous "tea tasting map"

In Wen Zhiming’s Tea Tasting Map, we can see a grass hiding under a tree, two people sitting opposite each other in the cottage, a teapot and two white porcelain teacups on the middle desk, and a boy cooking water in the side room. Tea drinking is born with a quiet temperament. Drinking tea in downtown is lively, but in such an environment as painting, tea drinking pays attention to quietness, and it is the most desirable way for scholars in Ming Dynasty to discuss tea in quietness. Zhang Yuan, a Ming Dynasty scholar, said in Tea Record: "Drinking tea with few guests is more expensive, but many guests are noisy, and noisy is lacking in elegance." It can be seen that the tea drinking of Ming scholars is a static word, which also gives a different sustenance to tea tasting.

Tea Tasting Map by Wen Zhiming in Ming Dynasty (partial)

When we compare this picture with the Song Dynasty’s "Dou Cha Tu" mentioned before, we will find that with the disappearance of tea powder and tea ordering, tea sets have been simplified, and the tools needed for drinking tea in the Song Dynasty, such as tea grinders, teaspoons and tea baskets, are no longer popular, so that scholars in the middle and late Ming Dynasty will be confused when they read the tea baskets written by Song people.

Tea basket

Although the procedures for drinking tea and tea sets have been simplified, the quality of life of the literati in Ming and Qing dynasties has not decreased at all. They have played new tricks on the remaining teapots, teacups and tea cans, and the tea sets in the Ming and Qing dynasties are more exquisite and exquisite.

Teapots in the two dynasties were made of purple clay pots, and Wen Zhenheng, a Ming dynasty, said in "Chronicles of Long Stories" that "the teapot is made of sand, and the cover is neither fragrant nor cooked." Ming people also prefer small pots, it is best to have a small pot for each person at the elegant meeting, so as to enjoy themselves.

Porcelain firing in Ming and Qing Dynasties reached its peak, which was reflected in tea ware’s style. Most of tea ware are exquisite, but the style is according to the emperor’s preference. Yong Zhengdi in Qing Dynasty likes elegance, while tea sets in Yongzheng Dynasty are mostly simple in shape, fresh and elegant in style, giving people a pleasing feeling. For example, in Yongzheng period, there were two Yixing Kiln Zisha tea pots, one of which was hexagonal, with the word "before the rain" engraved on the lid, while the other was round and round, with the word "Zhulan" engraved on the lid.

Objects in Yongzheng period

However, Emperor Qianlong advocated magnificence, so the style of tea set in Qianlong Dynasty was warm and gorgeous, and glaze and other techniques were widely used, with bright colors and diverse patterns, with the intention of highlighting the weather of a prosperous generation. For example, in the Qianlong Dynasty, a sapphire Sanqing tea poem covered the bowl. The sapphire was transparent, covered with gold patterns, and the bowl was exquisitely carved with poems. But this is also generally speaking, there were gorgeous tea sets in Yongzheng Dynasty, and there were also elegant tea sets in Qianlong Dynasty.

Qianlong period artifacts

It is worth mentioning that the rulers of the Qing Dynasty kept their own tea culture-milk tea when they accepted the tea culture of the Han nationality. According to records, Manchu people still kept the habit of drinking milk tea after entering the customs, and the palace also set up a special institution to provide milk tea. The Qing emperor liked to have a cup of milk tea before eating, and the milk tea and other drinks in the court were also distributed according to the quantity. The rulers of the Qing dynasty loved milk tea, and even when they went hunting, they didn’t forget to have a drink.

Ranz Ning’s Hongli Hunting Dinner in Qing Dynasty (partial)

Wen Shijun said

The origin of tea culture in China is very early, and ancient ancestors have already recognized the medicinal function of tea. With the development of history, tea has increasingly entered people’s daily lives, and the fragrance of tea can be smelled in the deep gardens of the palace, in the streets of the streets and in the barren hills and wild forests. The rise of tea culture has led to the change of the material form of tea drinking, and also enriched the spiritual life of the ancient people, and tea tasting has been given a different spiritual sustenance by the ancient people. Therefore, China’s tea culture includes both material and spiritual aspects.

reference data

Qiu Jiping: Chinese Tea Painting, Zhejiang Photography Publishing House, 2014.

Liao Baoxiu: Tea Affairs and tea ware in Past Dynasties, Palace Museum Press, 2017.

Zhao Qiuli and Fan Feng: The Archaeological Team of Shandong University Discovered the World’s Earliest Tea Remains, Guangming Daily, November 26, 2021.

(Author: Haoran literature and history Jingsu)

The pictures used in this article are all from online search unless otherwise specified. If there is any infringement, please contact the author to delete them. Thank you!

Although Tenghahe has never revealed Maguire’s future in public, many media have said that Maguire, the current Manchester United captain who once created a sky-high transfer fee of 80 million pounds, has a high probability of leaving Old Trafford, and Manchester United’s asking price has also been reduced to 40 million.

Maguire has only made 15 appearances in the Premier League this season, starting only seven times. The problem is that Maguire has been unable to adjust his state, and Tenghahe is extremely stubborn and will not change tactics just for Maguire.

As a captain, Maguire lacks competition time. He should try to leave Manchester United for another club to revive his career for the sake of his career. If Maguire can’t become the main force, southgate will have to bear great pressure when he recruits Maguire.

Maguire is the victim of Manchester United’s chaotic system. He is only 30 years old this year, which is arguably the best age for central defenders. All changes have their roots.

In his first two years at Manchester United, he was the most reliable central defender in Manchester United, with few mistakes and few injuries. At that time, the most talked about by Manchester United fans was who to partner with Maguire to improve Manchester United’s defense.

In the past, Manchester United once relied on the counterattack system, and Maguire was one of the most reliable players in this system.

Subsequently, from Ole Gunnar Solskjaer to Tenhah, Manchester United put the tactical focus on the high position to force the grab. Maguire, who turned slowly, became the focus of the breakthrough. For a time, all the teams found that the most appropriate tactic in the face of Manchester United’s new system was to defend and counterattack, and constantly forced Maguire to make him make mistakes.

Although he always likes to show off his feet, Maguire prefers the traditional central defender and is suitable for low-post defense. Maguire is actually not suitable for Manchester United’s football style. Modern high-position grabbing and ball control will cover up his advantages and amplify his shortcomings.

Just like Samuel, going to Real Madrid was full of loopholes, and playing low-post defense in Rome and Inter Milan was definitely a needle in the sea.

Although always poking fun at the aircraft carrier, Maguire definitely has a team to go to the Premier League crouching team, Serie A and even thighs. If Mourinho’s hands, such a big gate squatting in the backcourt, the picture dare not think, Maguire and Mourinho can be said to be a perfect match.

At present, it seems that Maguire can’t play in the giants, because the giants have to play high positions to force and oppress, and Maguire can only squat.

No one denies that Maguire really brought the team’s defense well in the first two seasons. When I first came here, full attendance also made a lot of contributions. Now I am in a bad state, but I have no complaints about replacing the captain and the national team’s thigh, no matter what.# Manchester United #Or Maguire, it’s a win-win situation to get together and part now.