标签归档 南京龙凤1314

China’s policy document on the EU (full text)

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, December 18th

China’s policy document on EU.
(December 2018)

foreword

Today, the world is in a period of great development, great change and great adjustment. World multipolarization, economic globalization, social informationization and cultural diversity are developing in depth, and countries are increasingly interconnected and interdependent. At the same time, unstable and uncertain factors have increased in the international situation, and unilateralism, protectionism and anti-globalization have risen.

Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China has made great achievements in economic and social development, but China’s international status as the largest developing country in the world has not changed. Under the guidance of the Supreme Leader’s New Era Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought, China will unswervingly follow the path of peaceful development, persist in comprehensively deepening reforms, promote the formation of a new pattern of all-round opening up, promote the construction of new international relations, promote the building of a community of human destiny, and create new opportunities and make new contributions to world peace and development.

The process of European integration is the product of European countries and people’s pursuit of peace, unity and self-improvement. As a country with the highest degree of integration and comprehensive strength in the world today, the EU is an important strategic force in the international situation. Although the development of the EU has been affected by events such as Brexit in recent years, the EU has not changed its integration direction, continued to work hard to promote reform and meet challenges, and played an important role in regional and international affairs.

China and the European Union are both important participants and shapers in the process of world multipolarization and economic globalization. They share broad common interests in safeguarding world peace and stability, promoting global prosperity and sustainable development, and promoting the progress of human civilization. They are also indispensable partners in their respective reforms and development. The EU has maintained the status of China’s largest trading partner for 14 consecutive years, and China is the EU’s second largest trading partner. Developing good relations with the EU has always been one of the priorities of China’s diplomacy.

In 2003 and 2014, the China government published two policy documents on the EU, which provided important guidance for promoting the development of China-EU relations. The year 2018 marks the 15th anniversary of the establishment of China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership and the 20th anniversary of the establishment of China-EU leaders’ meeting mechanism. The third policy document on the EU formulated by China government aims to keep pace with the times and carry forward the past, further clarify the direction, principles and concrete measures for deepening China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership in the new era, and promote greater development of China-EU relations.

first part

Guiding principles for developing China-EU relations

Since the establishment of a comprehensive strategic partnership between China and the European Union in 2003, the breadth and depth of bilateral relations have been continuously expanded, forming a good pattern of all-round, multi-level and wide-ranging exchanges and cooperation. In 2014, the Chairman of the Supreme Leader paid a historic visit to the EU headquarters, and reached an important consensus with EU leaders on building the four partnerships of peace, growth, reform and civilization between China and Europe, which pointed out the development direction for further deepening the comprehensive strategic partnership of mutual benefit and win-win, and defined the overall policy objectives of the China administration towards the EU for a long time. China advocates looking at and developing China-EU relations from a strategic and long-term perspective. The following principles should be adhered to in developing China-EU relations:

-Adhere to mutual respect, treat each other as equals, adhere to the one-China principle, and consolidate the most important political foundation of China-EU relations.

-Adhere to openness, inclusiveness, win-win cooperation, and strengthen the exchange of development concepts and the docking of development plans.

-Adhere to fairness and justice, help each other in the same boat, and jointly promote the improvement of the global governance system.

-Insist on dialogue among civilizations, live in harmony but differ, and promote exchanges and mutual learning between China and Europe.

China is happy to see a united, stable, open and prosperous Europe, has always supported the process of European integration, and is committed to developing relations with EU institutions, member States and other European countries in a comprehensive, balanced and mutually reinforcing way. The cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European countries is an open and transparent cross-regional cooperation based on the common interests and actual needs of China and regional countries. Support and constructive participation from the EU and other parties are welcome. China hopes that Britain will leave the EU in an orderly manner and is willing to promote the parallel development of China-EU and China-UK relations.

China will continue to strengthen high-level exchanges with the EU and EU countries, give full play to the strategic leading role of the China-EU leaders’ meeting mechanism in the development of China-EU relations, further implement the China-EU Cooperation 2020 Strategic Plan jointly formulated by the two sides in 2013, explore follow-up plans, and strengthen exchanges and dialogues among governments at all levels. Strengthen equal exchanges and mutual learning between legislatures, political parties, local governments and social organizations, deepen and expand pragmatic cooperation in various fields, carry out third-party market cooperation, and learn from each other’s strengths, benign interaction and common development in exchanges and cooperation.

The "One Belt, One Road" initiative is an important public product provided by China to the international community. It insists on joint construction and sharing, advocates openness, tolerance and transparency, follows international rules and market principles, and pursues high quality and high standards on the basis of local conditions. China welcomes the EU and European countries to actively participate in cooperation and jointly build the Belt and Road into a peaceful, prosperous, open, innovative, civilized, green and clean road.

Adhering to the commitment of respecting China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, adhering to the one-China principle with practical actions, and respecting China’s core interests and major concerns are related to the long-term stable development of China-EU relations. The European side should clearly oppose any form of "Taiwan Province independence", support the great cause of China’s peaceful reunification, and handle Taiwan-related issues carefully. Exchanges between Europe and Taiwan should be strictly restricted to unofficial and non-governmental areas, and no official contacts and exchanges of any kind are allowed, no agreements with sovereign meaning or official nature are signed, no institutions with official nature are set up, Taiwan’s participation in international organizations limited to sovereign countries is not supported, Taiwan’s weapons and equipment, materials and technology that can be used for military purposes are not sold, and any form of military exchanges and cooperation is not allowed.

The Central Government of China supports and encourages the governments of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region to carry out mutually beneficial and friendly cooperation with the EU and its member States in the fields of economy, trade, culture and tourism in accordance with the principle of "one country, two systems" and the provisions of the two Basic Laws. Hong Kong and Macao are special administrative regions of China. Hong Kong and Macao affairs belong to China’s internal affairs, and the European side should not interfere.

China appreciates the position of the EU and its member states that Tibet is an inalienable part of China’s territory and does not support "Tibet independence". The European side should not allow the leader of the Dalai clique to engage in activities to split China in the EU and its member countries in any capacity and name, and should not arrange any form of contact between officials and him, or provide any support and convenience for anti-China separatist activities of "Tibet independence". The European side should also not provide any support and convenience for the "East Turkistan" forces and any anti-China separatist, violent terrorist and extreme religious activities.

China and Europe are different in history, culture, social system and development stage, but there is no fundamental strategic conflict between the two sides, and the common ground is far greater than the differences. We should persist in dialogue and non-confrontation, constantly enhance mutual understanding, understanding and trust through equal dialogue, maximize consensus, take care of each other’s legitimate concerns, and handle differences and control frictions in a constructive manner.

China is willing to continue to strengthen dialogue and cooperation with the EU at bilateral, regional and global levels, jointly advocate and practice multilateralism, safeguard the international order and system with the United Nations at the core, and work together to meet global challenges. Take a clear-cut stand against unilateralism and protectionism, promote the development of economic globalization in a more open, inclusive, inclusive, balanced and win-win direction, support the international community to jointly formulate and improve fair, just and equitable international rules and standards, and ensure that all parties participate in decision-making on an equal footing, enjoy their due rights, and assume responsibilities and obligations commensurate with the level of development.

the second part

Cooperation in the fields of political security and defense.

Make good use of the important platform of China-EU high-level strategic dialogue, deepen strategic communication and coordination, and continuously accumulate and expand strategic consensus and mutual trust.

Continue to carry out China-EU foreign policy consultations and regional affairs dialogues, and promote political solutions to international and regional hotspot issues.

Strengthen exchanges, coordination and cooperation within the framework of the United Nations, support the United Nations to play an active role, and explore joint initiatives and actions on issues of common concern and consensus between China, the European Union and member States. Jointly support the reform of the United Nations, enhance its role and improve its efficiency. Strengthen exchanges and pragmatic cooperation in the field of UN peacekeeping.

Strengthen anti-terrorism exchanges and cooperation on the basis of mutual respect and equal treatment, never engage in "double standards" on anti-terrorism issues, and promote international anti-terrorism cooperation to make new progress.

To strengthen police cooperation, China is willing to expand exchanges and cooperation with Europol and conduct joint patrols with EU member States as appropriate. Strengthen exchanges and cooperation in public legal services, extradition, criminal judicial assistance and other fields, and work together to combat transnational crimes more pragmatically and efficiently.

Strengthen exchanges and cooperation in the field of non-proliferation and export control. Work together to promote international cooperation in nuclear safety. Prevent weaponization and an arms race in outer space and safeguard peace and security in outer space. Maintain the authority and universality of multilateral disarmament mechanisms. We will jointly safeguard the authoritative position of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as the cornerstone of the international nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament system and support the efforts to ban nuclear tests. Support the Geneva Conference on Disarmament to reach a comprehensive and balanced work plan at an early date and start substantive work.

We will continue to make good use of the mechanism of the China-Europe Network Working Group, jointly advocate the concept of a community of cyberspace destiny, promote the formulation of a code of conduct for responsible countries in cyberspace under the framework of the United Nations, promote the reform of the global Internet governance system, and establish a peaceful, secure, open, cooperative and orderly cyberspace.

Maintain high-level exchanges between defense departments, strengthen communication and promote cooperation through the security policy dialogue mechanism of defense departments, actively expand personnel training, discussion and exchange, joint training, and cooperation in non-traditional security fields such as humanitarian relief, peacekeeping and escort.

The EU and its member states should lift the ban on arms sales to China at an early date.

Deepen dialogue and cooperation under the framework of ASEM, promote positive changes in ASEM, focus on pragmatic results and play a unique role in the global governance system based on the basic principles of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, and consensus.

the third part

Cooperation in trade and investment, interconnection, finance and other fields.

Give full play to the guiding role of China-EU high-level economic and trade dialogue, deepen China-EU dialogue on macroeconomic policies and economic and trade policies, enhance the understanding and correct understanding of each other’s policies and regulations, promote docking and accommodation, tap the potential of cooperation, constructively handle differences and frictions, avoid politicizing economic and trade issues, and promote the long-term, stable, mutually beneficial and win-win development of China-EU economic and trade relations.

In a positive and pragmatic spirit, we should work together to achieve a mutually beneficial and win-win China-EU Comprehensive Agreement on Investment, start the joint feasibility study of China-EU Free Trade Area as soon as possible, and establish a good institutional framework for improving the level of China-EU economic and trade cooperation.

Promote the coordinated development of trade in goods and services. China will expand the import of high-quality goods from Europe through existing channels and new platforms such as China International Import Expo. The EU should relax the export control of high-tech products to China. The EU should strictly fulfill its WTO obligations, ensure that the relevant trade remedy legislation and practice are consistent with WTO rules, and rationally use trade remedy measures to avoid discrimination against some WTO members in law or in fact.

Maintain two-way openness and promote two-way investment. China will greatly relax market access, fully implement the pre-entry national treatment plus negative list management system, create a stable, fair, transparent, legal and predictable business environment, protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investment, and treat Chinese and foreign enterprises registered in China equally. It is hoped that the EU will keep the investment market open, reduce and eliminate investment barriers and discriminatory barriers, provide a fair, transparent and predictable policy environment for China enterprises to invest in Europe, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of China enterprises.

Strengthen exchanges and cooperation between China and Europe in the field of competition and jointly safeguard the market order of fair competition. China is concerned about EU laws and regulations on trade and investment, and hopes that EU legislation will conform to WTO rules, earnestly safeguard an open and fair market environment, and reduce and eliminate the doubts and worries of China enterprises. China government supports Chinese-funded enterprises in Europe to set up "European Union China Chamber of Commerce".

Promote the construction of China-EU interconnection platform, strengthen the connection between the "One Belt, One Road" initiative and the European Union’s Eurasian interconnection strategy, European investment plan, "Pan-European transportation network" and other development plans, actively play the roles of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, European Investment Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and China-EU Joint Investment Fund, implement project cooperation, and encourage EU member States to actively participate. Support the healthy development of China-Europe trains, promote the simplification of international railway combined transport procedures, reduce transit costs, and strengthen the safety guarantee of goods.

Make good use of China-EU transport cooperation mechanisms at all levels, and strengthen policy dialogue and technical standards docking and exchange. Support Chinese and European ports and shipping enterprises to actively participate in each other’s project construction, and promote all-round mutually beneficial cooperation between the two sides in the maritime and maritime fields. We will implement the consensus on cooperation between China and Europe in the aviation field and deepen exchanges and cooperation.

Give full play to the positive role of customs cooperation in promoting the smooth flow of trade, strengthen the guidance and coordination of cooperation through the China-EU Joint Customs Cooperation Committee, fully implement the China-EU Customs Agreement and other documents, promote cooperation in areas such as border enforcement of intellectual property rights, mutual recognition of "An Zhi trade" and "certified operators", trade statistics, combating fraud, solid waste supervision, entry-exit animal and plant quarantine, import and export commodity safety, food safety supervision, and actively study and develop cross-border e-commerce supervision and other new areas.

We will further strengthen exchanges and cooperation in the field of intellectual property rights between China and Europe, support intellectual property agencies of both sides to establish and improve a normalized communication mechanism, strengthen dialogue on the creation, application, protection, management and service of intellectual property rights, and jointly create a better intellectual property environment. Support the early conclusion of the China-EU agreement on geographical indications. China protects the intellectual property rights of foreign-funded enterprises in China, and hopes that the EU and its member States will strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights in China.

Deepen exchanges and cooperation in standards, metrology, certification, quality management supervision and safety inspection of special equipment, give full play to the role of China-EU standard information platform, discuss standardization issues of common concern, and provide timely and effective authoritative standard information for Chinese and European enterprises.

Make good use of China-EU financial dialogue, China-EU central bank working group dialogue and other mechanisms to maintain close communication on major international economic and financial issues. Support the expansion of two-way financial openness and promote cross-border connectivity of financial infrastructure. Promote inter-bank cooperation between financial institutions and enterprises, including cooperation with multilateral financial institutions. Maintain the stable development of the financial industry, deepen the exchange and dialogue on financial supervision between China and Europe, strengthen mutual recognition and trust in supervision, and actively solve the cross-border business demands of both banks.

We welcome financial institutions from EU countries to enter China’s financial market, and hope that the EU will support China’s financial institutions to apply for establishing institutions in Europe and relax the access channels for China’s policy-oriented financial institutions to conduct business in Europe. Support CEIBS to develop into a trading, risk management and asset allocation platform for offshore RMB-denominated financial products. Encourage EU countries to issue RMB bonds in China and offshore RMB bonds in major financial centers around the world. It is hoped that the EU will prudently introduce new regulations on the supervision of intermediate parent companies to safeguard the sound development of financial cooperation between the two sides.

Cooperate within the framework of G20, jointly support the status and role of G20 as the main forum for international economic cooperation, carry forward the spirit of partnership, support multilateralism, strengthen macroeconomic policy coordination, promote structural reform, promote the reform of the international financial system, promote the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and build an open world economy.

Through the China-EU Joint Working Group on WTO Reform and other channels, strengthen communication on WTO reform, jointly safeguard the core values and basic principles of the WTO, safeguard the authority and effectiveness of the WTO, safeguard the development space of developing members, and promote the multilateral trading system to be more open, inclusive and transparent.

part four

Cooperation in scientific research and innovation, emerging industries and sustainable development.

Under the framework of the China-EU Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement, we will give full play to the role of the China-EU Science and Technology Cooperation Steering Committee, the Innovation Cooperation Dialogue and the joint funding mechanism for scientific research and innovation, agree on a roadmap for China-EU cooperation in scientific research and innovation, fully cooperate in frontier disciplines, basic scientific research and major social challenges, implement flagship projects in the fields of agriculture and biotechnology, environment, sustainable urbanization, ground transportation, safe and green aviation and healthy biotechnology, and expand into information and communication, intelligent manufacturing, population health and biotechnology.

Give full play to the role of China-EU space science and technology cooperation dialogue, promote cooperation in the fields of Earth observation, space technology, space science, space application, deep space exploration and manned space flight, explore the establishment of China-EU space policy cooperation dialogue mechanism, and carry out all-round docking.

Give full play to the role of China-EU industrial dialogue and consultation mechanism platform, strengthen policy communication on automobiles, ships, raw materials, small and medium-sized enterprises and industrial energy efficiency, promote the strategic docking of industrial development, support all sectors in Industry-University-Research to expand cooperation in the fields of intelligent manufacturing, green manufacturing, new energy and intelligent networked automobiles, new materials and high-tech ships, promote the construction of a docking and exchange platform for small and medium-sized enterprises in China and Europe, and stimulate the cooperation potential of small and medium-sized enterprises.

Support, exchange and cooperate with each other in the construction of "Digital China" and the construction of EU single digital market. Make good use of China-EU information technology, telecommunications and informatization dialogue, China-EU expert working group on digital economy and network security, deepen 5G cooperation, promote technical exchanges and standardization cooperation in the fields of digital economy, Internet of Things, Internet of Vehicles, industrial Internet, artificial intelligence and smart cities, carry out pilot demonstration projects, and promote pragmatic cooperation in industry. Jointly cope with the risks and challenges brought by new technologies.

It is noted that the EU General Data Protection Regulations put forward higher requirements for enterprises with digital services in Europe in terms of privacy protection, data security, trade and investment, and it is hoped that the implementation of the regulations will not affect the normal business exchanges between China and Europe. China is willing to continue to communicate with the European side on data protection, learn from each other, promote cooperation, jointly improve the level of personal information protection and protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens.

Give full play to the role of dialogue mechanism between agriculture and rural areas, deepen cooperation in agricultural science and technology research and development, training young agricultural talents, animal health, rural development and other fields, steadily promote the development of agricultural products trade between China and Europe, and strengthen mutual support and cooperation in international organizations such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.

Make good use of the China-EU water policy dialogue mechanism and China-EU water resources exchange platform, strengthen communication and deepen cooperation around rural water supply and food security, water and urbanization, river basin management planning and water and energy security, and strengthen exchanges and experience and technology sharing in the fields of water recycling and drinking water protection.

Carry out high-level forestry policy dialogue and exchanges between China and Europe, continue to strengthen exchanges and cooperation among stakeholders such as wood production, processing and consumption, jointly explore ways and means of mutual recognition of wood legality between countries, and carry out cooperation and law enforcement exchanges on the implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.

We will build a "China-EU Blue Partnership", strengthen dialogue and cooperation in marine governance, blue economy, marine resources protection and sustainable utilization, marine scientific and technological innovation, polar affairs and fishery-related fields, implement pragmatic cooperation projects, and strengthen communication and coordination in the negotiation of international agreements related to the sea.

Give full play to the role of China-EU energy dialogue mechanism, actively implement the road map of China-EU energy cooperation, conduct energy policy dialogue and exchanges, and conduct in-depth cooperation in energy systems, energy efficiency, clean energy and other fields, including building power markets, improving power infrastructure, establishing a safe and efficient natural gas market, and improving the consumption of renewable energy, so as to promote energy security for both sides.

We will further promote all-round and high-level cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and continue to strengthen substantive cooperation in nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, nuclear security, nuclear safeguards, nuclear non-proliferation, nuclear technology research and development, and non-power applications of nuclear technology in medical health, environmental protection, food safety, industrial processing, and public safety.

Give full play to the mechanism of the China-EU Dialogue of Ministers of Environmental Policy, explore the establishment of a green development partnership, strengthen policy exchanges and cooperation in the fields of pollution prevention, environmental governance, biodiversity protection and green growth, and encourage enterprises of both sides to carry out cooperative research and development and business cooperation in the field of ecological environmental protection. Maintain communication and coordination on major global environmental issues and implement international environmental conventions.

Strengthen policy dialogue and pragmatic cooperation in climate change-related fields between China and Europe, strengthen cooperation in carbon emissions trading and exchanges and cooperation between the two sides in dealing with climate change and low-carbon development at the city level. Adhere to the principles and provisions of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, work together to promote the follow-up negotiations and effective implementation of the Paris Agreement, actively build and improve the global climate governance system, and jointly promote green, low-carbon and sustainable development.

Guided by the Memorandum of Understanding on Circular Economy Cooperation between China and Europe, we will strengthen cooperation in the field of circular economy and strengthen exchanges in the management system and policy tools of circular economy, investment and financing, and policy research.

Implement the Joint Declaration on China-EU Urbanization Partnership and promote the in-depth development of the partnership. Strengthen regional policy dialogue and cooperation between China and Europe, deepen regional cooperation, and support policy exchanges and cooperation related to the development of urban agglomerations, metropolitan areas and small and medium-sized cities. Deepen pragmatic cooperation between local provinces and cities in China and Europe, between cities and parks, and between cities and enterprises. We welcome all walks of life in Europe to actively participate in the construction of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration, Yangtze River Economic Belt, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, xiong’an new area and Hainan Pilot Free Trade Zones and Free Trade Ports.

Jointly implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, respect their respective national conditions and development paths, promote economic, social and environmental development in a balanced way, give priority to people’s livelihood undertakings such as poverty reduction, education and health, adhere to the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities", improve global development partnership, and achieve common development and prosperity.

The fifth part

Cooperation in social and humanities fields

Give full play to the coordinating role of the China-EU high-level people-to-people exchange and dialogue mechanism, and constantly explore new areas, new models and new methods of exchange and cooperation. Encourage the facilitation of personnel exchanges between China and Europe, and actively promote the realization of the second phase of the road map for dialogue between China and Europe in the field of personnel exchanges and immigration.

China-EU dialogue on employment and social security policies. Under the framework of China-EU Memorandum of Understanding on Dialogue and Cooperation in Employment and Social Affairs, we will strengthen and improve the high-level dialogue platform in the field of human resources and social security between China and Europe. Continue to carry out technical cooperation projects in the field of social security in China and Europe, promote social security and social solidarity, promote higher quality and full employment, narrow income gap, promote social integration, ensure occupational safety and health, promote decent work, meet challenges including youth employment, aging, migration and population mobility, and promote exchanges and cooperation in social welfare, social assistance, social affairs, social work and community governance.

Strengthen the dialogue and exchange of health policies between China and Europe, and carry out pragmatic cooperation in the fields of health promotion, antimicrobial resistance and medical informatization to jointly promote food safety. We will continue the China-EU dialogue on production safety and promote cooperation in emergency management, earthquake science and technology, disaster reduction and relief, and production safety.

Continue to expand the scale of exchanges between students and scholars between China and Europe, strengthen the communication and exchange of education policies between China and Europe, and explore the docking of quality standards between higher education and vocational education. Give play to the role of China-EU education policy dialogue, China-EU higher education exchange and cooperation platform, China-EU university presidents forum and other platforms to promote exchanges and cooperation in educational think tanks. Encourage Chinese and European universities to carry out high-quality cooperative education.

Jointly protect and promote cultural diversity, strengthen China-EU cultural policy dialogue, enhance the level of cultural industry cooperation, promote the establishment of long-term and stable cooperative relations between important cultural institutions of each other, and support the cultural exchanges and cooperation between Chinese and European cities with their own characteristics. Promote the establishment of cultural centers between China and EU member states. On the basis of the successful holding of "China-EU Tourism Year" in 2018, we will further develop the tourism markets of both sides and promote cooperation in the tourism industry.

Strengthen sports exchanges and cooperation between China and EU countries, and encourage each other to participate in sports competitions and international conferences organized by the other side. Take the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics as an opportunity to expand cooperation in ice and snow sports between China and Europe.

Encourage China-EU news media to carry out various forms of cooperation, welcome EU media to join the "Belt and Road" news cooperation alliance, expand China-EU cooperation in the field of news publishing, promote industry exchanges between radio and television institutions, and support film and television co-production, book translation and joint interviews. Advocate journalists to abide by professional ethics, and oppose and crack down on fake news and illegal online content. China will continue to provide convenience for journalists from EU countries in China according to laws and regulations, and hopes that the EU will play an active role in promoting the objective, fair and accurate coverage of China by the media of EU countries.

Make good use of the China-EU legal affairs dialogue platform, carry out policy exchanges and mutual learning and cooperation in the legal field, better understand their respective legal systems and promote China-EU cooperation.

Continue to carry out constructive exchanges on human rights issues on the basis of equality and mutual respect, and play a positive role in promoting the development of China-EU relations and promoting the common progress of China-EU human rights. The European side should treat the human rights situation in China objectively and fairly, and should not interfere in China’s internal affairs and judicial sovereignty in the name of human rights.

Encourage China-EU think tanks to strengthen exchanges of ideas, play an active and constructive role in promoting mutual understanding and objective understanding between the two peoples, and make suggestions and suggestions for the development of China-EU relations. China welcomes non-governmental organizations from all countries, including EU countries, to carry out activities in China according to law, supports them to play a positive role in their friendly exchanges with China, and will continue to provide necessary facilities and services.

We will build a wide-ranging and multi-level China-EU youth exchange network, and continue to hold China-EU youth policy dialogues, youth seminars, and special exchanges between China-EU youth organizations.

It is hoped that the European side will effectively protect the safety and legitimate rights and interests of China citizens in Europe. Encourage overseas Chinese in Europe to integrate into the local society, actively play the role of a bridge, and contribute to enhancing mutual understanding and promoting China-EU cooperation.

Support the Economic and Social Council of China to continue to run the China-EU Roundtable with the Economic and Social Commission of the European Union, support the cooperation between Chinese and European NGOs in accordance with laws and regulations, and play an active role in promoting civil dialogue and exchanges between China and Europe.

100,000-class pure electric "square box", Baojunyue Plus has more than two doors.

Come to Baidu APP to enjoy HD pictures.

Bao Junyue, with its bright design concept and tough square box body, has been a highly topical boutique car since its listing, and has been sought after by many young consumers who pursue fashion personality. Some even call it "electric version of Jimny". Although it looks tough and handsome, the three-door and four-seat design and limited size are destined to make this car a big toy that is partial to play and please yourself.

Nowadays, in order to meet the car purchase needs of more consumers, especially young home users, Baojunyue Plus is officially listed. The appearance of this car maintains the design concept of Baojun Yueye. From the side of the car body, the overall size is obviously enlarged a lot, which is in line with what the Plus version should look like. Especially the black car paint, with the telescopic ladder and small schoolbag on the side of the car, is this the "Land Rover Defender Youth Edition"?

Next, let’s talk to you about the Plus version of Baojun Yueye, and how it has changed compared with before. How does it feel to drive?

Compared with the previous Bao Junyue, Bao Junyue Plus is not as simple as lengthening the body size and adding two doors. In terms of power system, Bao Junyue Plus has been improved from endurance performance to motor power-the new car is equipped with a 41.9 kWh power battery, the CLTC cruising range has been increased to 401 km (Bao Junyue is also 303 km), and the driving motor has been upgraded from 50 kW to 75 kW, with a maximum speed of 150 km/h and fast/slow charging.

During the test drive experience in the city, Bao Junyue Plus has nothing to be picky about. There are four driving modes to choose from. When driving in the city, we mainly choose the standard mode. In this mode, the vehicle is very light to drive, the steering wheel feels very light, and the "drag feeling" brought by kinetic energy recovery is not obvious, so it is very comfortable to drive.

In the economy+mode, vehicles will become quite lazy, and in this mode, the maximum speed will be limited, and they will drive slowly on the road to achieve better power consumption performance. It is worth noting that in this mode, the vehicle will have a strong kinetic energy recovery after releasing the switch, and the "novice driver" who drives for the first time may feel a little uncomfortable.

If you pursue speed, you can turn on the sport mode, and the response of the switch will be very quick. The upgraded 75 kW motor will become more calm in accelerating performance in the middle and late stages than the previous Baojunyue. In addition to dealing with daily urban sections and expressways, the maximum speed is 150 km/h, and occasionally running high-speed is basically enough.

The chassis comes standard with McPherson independent front suspension and three-link integral bridge rear suspension, which can easily cope with urban areas and rugged road conditions, and can also be handled properly when encountering continuous uneven roads, so that passengers will not have obvious bumps. The supporting performance of the whole chassis during driving is acceptable. Although the body will nod obviously during full braking, the overall body posture is also within the acceptable range.

As a "square box" model, Bao Junyue also has a good roll performance. At a speed of 60km/h, it will not feel too serious roll. In addition, in terms of sound insulation performance, Baojun Yueye Plus still has some room for improvement, especially in the process of driving on fast roads, motor noise, wind noise and tire noise can be obviously felt. In addition, the models we experienced are equipped with many cool off-road equipment such as telescopic ladders and luggage racks. In addition to being handsome, these have also become "contributors" to noise.

As a new energy vehicle, intelligent driving is also an important indicator to assess a new car. Baojun Yueye Plus is equipped with the "Lingxi Intelligent Driving System" created by the deep integration of Wuling and DJI vehicles. Its general logic is to determine the vehicle position through the difference of sight distance between the two cameras, and to make up for the lack of high-precision maps with DJI’s powerful software capabilities.

On the premise of not relying on precise maps, the intelligent navigation function of speed can be completed only by BEV perception and aircraft navigation information, which is suitable for the main road scenes of expressways and racks in speed and urban areas. In addition to a series of high-order intelligent driving functions, such as high-speed intelligent navigation assistance, cross-floor memory parking and tracking reversing, it also provides intelligent auxiliary configurations such as AEB active emergency braking, lane departure warning and blind spot monitoring, and adds 180 chassis images to realize 540 panoramic images.

Lingxi intelligent driving system, hardware includes 1 millimeter wave radar, 1 high-definition binocular camera, 4 wide-angle panoramic cameras and 12 ultrasonic radars. When the vehicle speed is below 80km/h, the ACC/TJA intelligent cruise assistance can be turned on with one button, and the lane can be intelligently selected when the line is parallel, and at the same time, bends, obstacles, jammed vehicles and the like can be identified.

In use, after we set the navigation destination on the plane, the system will drive along the navigation intelligence under the supervision of the driver, which can greatly reduce the fatigue caused by driving. What needs to be emphasized here is that the LCC function is generally activated in urban areas, and only the longitudinal ability is available, and the lateral lane change needs manual operation; On high-speed and closed roads, the high-speed navigation assistance function is opened, and it has horizontal and vertical capabilities. That is to say, the vehicle can take the initiative to turn on the lights and change lanes to overtake after recognizing the local train ahead, and the whole process can be described as quite silky. In the complicated process of going up and down the ramp, it is also easy to perform.

The recognition rate of Bao Junyue Plus equipped with this sensing system is also quite good, especially for special-shaped obstacles such as cone barrels and construction railings. Vehicles can also be clearly identified.

During this experience, we feel that there are some minor problems in the intelligent driving part of Yueye Plus. For example, when we merge into a particularly congested main road on the ramp, the vehicle will keep driving along the ramp until it reaches the end of the ramp, and it is found that the main road lane is blocked and the vehicle has no chance to merge. At this time, the vehicle will directly quit, and the driver will be prompted by the driving assistance to take over the vehicle. Generally speaking, in this case, as drivers, we will look for opportunities to merge when we are about to enter the main road, instead of driving straight ahead.

After the intelligent driving function of Baojunyue Plus is turned on, the car-following distance still needs to be optimized in our opinion. Even if the relevant car-following distance gear can be adjusted, it is still "ruthlessly" jammed again and again in the driving assistance state. These hopes can be solved through subsequent OTA.

At the same time, Yueye Plus parking system is also very intelligent. The new car is equipped with the "visible stop" function, and the recognized vertical, lateral, oblique and other normal positions can be automatically parked. In the face of obstacles such as ground locks, it can be accurately identified. Under normal circumstances, the entire parking time is controlled at about 30 seconds, and the parking level is no less than that of an "old driver".

In addition, the vehicle is also equipped with a memory parking function. When entering the parking route, the background will actively recommend it and start it at any position on the memory route. The maximum memory is 10, and the maximum stop route is 1km.

Since Bao Junyue was also released, there are always voices inside and outside the industry calling it "electric Jimny". Now Bao Junyue is also released by Plus. This car is more like a "small Land Rover Defender" in our view, which is different from the previous Bao Junyue. The new car is based on the new platform Tianyu architecture. Although in styling, Bao Junyue Plus continues Bao Junyue’s "Square Box+" square box design, and the overall appearance is still hard-core off-road style, but the body size and overall layout have changed.

The wheelbase of Baojun Yueye Plus has been upgraded to 2560mm, and the body size has been upgraded to 3996/1760/1726mm, adopting a five-door and four-seat layout. In contrast, Baojun Yueye has a wheelbase of 2110mm and a length, width and height of 3,381/1,685/1,721 mm, respectively. It adopts a three-door and four-seat layout-Baojun Yueye Plus can be described as an all-round upgrade, so it will be more practical in terms of external size and internal space.

Although the body size has been greatly increased, Bao Junyue Plus still has sharp flexibility. Its turning radius is only 5.35 meters, and the full-load clearance from the ground can reach 150 mm. This flexibility, coupled with a higher chassis clearance, makes this car very flexible in urban areas, and it is easy to walk in traffic.

In the design of appearance details, Bao Junyue Plus also has many highlights. The new car is equipped with city zebra headlights and track rear taillights. The whole system is equipped with automatic city zebra headlights, which are divided into upper and lower floors, and 184 LED bulbs are built in. The low beam irradiation angle is greater than 45, and the high beam shooting distance is 178 meters. With such sharp lights, it can provide drivers with clear sight at night even on unpaved roads.

The shape of the rear is basically the same as that of the three-door model. The tailgate adopts wedge angle hinge to open the tailgate, which is also a classic design of hard-core off-road vehicles, and it is also more convenient for the trunk to take the loaded items. However, the Car-watch display on the previous three-door model did not appear.

Entering the car, the interior design of Bao Junyue Plus is basically the same as that of the three-door model, and the overall design is relatively simple, but the new car cancels the previous joint screen design and uses the 8.8-inch full LCD instrument panel +10.1-inch floating central control screen design. The gear shifting mechanism has also been changed from knob to gear design. The 14-inch steering wheel is covered with poly urethane, which makes it comfortable and delicate to hold. There are also 14 control buttons integrated at the steering wheel, which can realize six functions, namely intelligent driving, intelligent parking, cruise control, multimedia, telephone and voice control.

In terms of intelligence, the 10.1-inch suspended central control screen interior KiOS intelligent network provides custom card desktop, changeable 3D virtual voice assistant, voice interactive system and other functions, and supports remote car control, online music and online navigation of mobile APP. The function buttons in the car are mainly concentrated on the left and bottom of the screen, and the interactive design adopts "L". The common function area also supports custom editing, which makes the operation quite smooth. In the process of using Gaode map, Iqiyi video and QQ music, the screen display effect is excellent, and the color reproduction is high. The overall feeling is very similar to that of iPad commonly used at home.

Baojunyue Plus also provides 6-way electric adjustment for the main driver and 4-way manual adjustment for the auxiliary driver. The inner padding on the seat is soft and thick, which has a stronger sense of wrapping the body and is more comfortable to ride. Baojun Yueye Plus has not only paid attention to the cockpit design, but also optimized the interior space. The front and rear head spaces in the car are 1043mm and 1061mm; respectively. The front legroom in the car is 913mm, and the rear legroom is 870mm. Space performance does not lose Honda Fit, which can bring more spacious cockpit space, and it is not a problem to meet the travel needs of a family of three/four.

According to the daily travel habits and storage scenes of mainstream home users, Bao Junyue Plus integrates ingenuity into the storage space layout. Baojun Yueye Plus trunk space has an original volume of 385L, which can easily accommodate four medium-sized luggage case; At the same time, each rear seat can be laid down independently by 5/5 points, and the maximum volume of the trunk can be expanded to 1715L after being laid down completely, so it is not a problem for a family to go camping and drive by car. In response to the outdoor needs of mainstream home users, Baojunyue Plus is also equipped with 220V external discharge function, which makes camping and outdoor scenes worry-free.

In addition, the whole car is equipped with as many as 28 storage spaces, including the nine-in-one multifunctional armrest platform and the main and auxiliary storage compartments, so that all kinds of items can easily find a "shelter" in the car, which is particularly friendly to female car owners.

Bao Junyue Plus not only retains the unique "square box" shape, but also takes into account fashion and practicality, plus the low-cost travel brought by pure electric drive. Bao Junyue Plus may become the "new favorite" of young people when buying a car.

Bao Junyue Plus is no more interesting than the 100,000-level range. Are those traditional Honda Fit, Volkswagen LaVida and Nissan Sylphy more interesting?

Of course, speaking of which, you might say, can a fuel car be the same as a pure electric car? As a pure electric vehicle, Baojunyue Plus has a pure electric cruising range of 401km. Although there is no advantage in cruising range compared with fuel vehicles, such cruising performance is enough to meet daily commuting.

Changan Qiyuan E07 brings Transformers to Changan Automobile Digital Intelligence Factory

People’s Daily Online, Chongqing, July 24 (Reporter Hu Hong) Recently, the world’s first intelligent variable new car based on the SDA platform – Changan Qiyuan E07 with Transformers debuted at Changan Automotive Digital Intelligence Factory. Through live broadcast, Transformers and Changan Automotive engineers led users into the six workshops of final assembly, painting, welding, stamping, die casting, and battery, uncovering the mystery of intelligent manufacturing.

Event site. Photo provided by the organizer

Event site. Photo provided by the organizer

What is a smart and variable new car?

Intelligent and variable new car is a revolutionary type of digital and intelligent vehicle. Its essential feature is the fusion of two or more different body shapes. Not only can it switch between different body types such as cars, SUVs, pickups, MPVs, etc. according to user requests in appearance, but also has a highly flexible interior space design, allowing users to freely combine to adapt to various use scenarios. Equipped with an advanced intelligent software system, it can improve the user experience through continuous software iteration, and has artificial intelligence features to better understand and meet the individual needs of users. In non-driving state, it can be transformed into a variety of living spaces according to the needs of users. Changan Qiyuan E07 is a one-car to multi-car, transforming into "SUV form" for travel, "coupe form" for commuting, and "pickup form" for loading.

So how such a smart car is made can be found in the digital intelligence factory full of technology.

Entering the Changan Digital Intelligence Factory, automated robotic arms are flying up and down, and automated robots are working in an orderly manner.

"Changan Shuzhi Factory has fully introduced new technologies, and continues to invest and innovate in the field of intelligent manufacturing." The relevant person in charge of Changan Shuzhi Factory introduced. At present, the stamping production line of Changan Shuzhi Factory’s stamping workshop has been 100% automated. It is the first steel and aluminum mixed production line of Changan’s own brand, which can flexibly respond to the production needs of different materials – steel and aluminum plates.

In the upgraded welding workshop, the automation level of the workshop has been increased to more than 95%, with a total of 185 welding stations and 471 automated robots widely distributed throughout the workshop, enhancing the accuracy of welding operations and enhancing the strength of the vehicle through the introduction of a large number of new aluminum alloy riveting processes.

Changan Automobile Numerical Intelligence Factory. Photo provided by the organizer

Changan Automobile Numerical Intelligence Factory. Photo provided by the organizer

"Through a series of advanced technologies, a new generation of safety body of Changan Qiyuan E07 has been created. The proportion of high-strength steel and aluminum alloy is more than 90%. All the car bodies and even the front cover are made of all aluminum alloy, which greatly enhances the lightweight of the vehicle and greatly enhances the durability and safety of the vehicle." The relevant person in charge said.

In the factory’s first fully automated flexible and unmanned die-casting production workshop in China, the five process steps of melting, die-casting, post-processing, machining and assembly are being carried out in an orderly manner. With four 7700-ton die-casting machines, Changan Qiyuan E07 has realized the integration of 163 parts into 2 parts here. The casting time is only 110 seconds. It is the first die-casting process of one mold and two pieces, which can realize the separate design of bumper parts and one-piece die-casting parts. "In this way, through the slow connection of the mechanical structure, it is guaranteed that the car will not damage the one-piece casting in the conventional collision, reduce the maintenance cost after the collision, and also reduce the weight of the Changan Qiyuan E07 vehicle with integrated die-casting technology by 20%, and the handling is more agile." The relevant person in charge said.

It is worth mentioning that in the battery workshop Changan Qiyuan E07 powerful energy nuclear source "Golden Bell Jar Battery" was born here. The battery workshop has achieved 100% automated production, and the pre-group area has been fully automated. It is the largest black light factory in Asia. The "Golden Bell Jar" battery adopts military-grade basalt nano-thermal insulation material, 100% thermal suppression, CTV integration integration technology, battery and chassis integration, improving body and battery safety, 800V high-voltage fast charging technology, giving the E07 super long battery life and ultra-fast charging, and can achieve a battery life of 365Km after charging for about 15min.

Finally, after welding, painting and final assembly, a Changan Qiyuan E07 with a length of 5045mm, a width of 1996mm and a height of 1640mm and a dual-motor four-wheel drive system with a peak power of 440kW and a peak torque of 645Nm is rolled off the assembly line. This "intelligent variable new car" with three body variable functions of "SUV, pickup truck and coupe" is expected to start at no less than 300,000 yuan.

Be the first to test drive Avita 07, a fusion of intelligence and performance

In today’s era, high-quality technology is not scarce, what is really missing is a good product that can stand out. The supply chain of the automotive industry is quite mature, with abundant technical resources, like ingredients in the supermarket, ready to choose. High-performance computing units, top battery suppliers, advanced smart cockpits and comfortable seats are not uncommon in the market.

Be the first to test drive Avita 07

However, how to skillfully combine these ready-made "ingredients" to create a eye-catching "delicacy" has become the key to testing the strength of carmakers. Avita, a brand that brings together the power of three industry giants, Changan, Ningde Times and Huawei, is facing this challenge. After the Avita 11 and 12, they launched the Avita 07 for the mainstream market, aiming to gain a place in the highly competitive mid-size SUV market, competing with many strong competitors such as the Intelligent R7, the Extreme Krypton 7X and the L60.

Be the first to test drive Avita 07, a fusion of intelligence and performance

We were fortunate enough to experience the charm of the Avita 07 pure electric version in Zhoushan in the rain. Its design is full of futuristic feeling. The active air intake grille technology not only enhances the sense of technology, but also optimizes the aerodynamic performance through intelligent switch adjustment, effectively increasing the cruising range. The body lines are smooth, and the large-size wheels are matched to create a sporty posture. The interior configuration is luxurious, the four-screen layout highlights the technological atmosphere, and the cockpit design is inspired by the aviation first class. The space is spacious and the materials are exquisite.

Be the first to test drive Avita 07, a fusion of intelligence and performance

In terms of driving experience, Huawei’s Smart Driving ADS 3.0 system is impressive. Under the synergy of various sensors, it shows a high degree of road condition perception and decision-making wisdom, and the driving operation is close to that of human old drivers. The automatic parking and summoning functions are convenient and practical. Although the parking lot map needs to be entered in advance, it undoubtedly improves the convenience of using the car.

To make friends? Xiaomi SU7 suspected price exposure

  [car home Information] On January 30th, some netizens exposed a price of some models suspected (|) in the insurance policy on domestic social platforms, or it was 361,400 yuan. However, Wang Hua, general manager of Xiaomi Group’s public relations department, released Weibo that the price was only used as a test. Lei Jun, the founder chairman of Xiaomi Group, once said: "The overall configuration of Xiaomi SU7 is rich enough, so the cost is very high, like 99,000 yuan, 149,000 yuan or even 199,000 yuan shouted by netizens. I think it’s all a joke, and the pricing of Xiaomi SU7 may indeed be a bit expensive." At the same time, Xiaomi SU7 is expected to be listed in the first half of the year, and now it is undergoing small-scale mass production.

Home of the car

Home of the car

Xiaomi automobile Xiaomi SU7 2023 800km four-wheel drive Max version

  Looking back at the appearance, as the first model of a brand-new brand, the appearance design must be impressive. We can see that the front face of Xiaomi SU7 adopts a very sporty design, the headlights adopt a rounded polygon shape, and the interior adopts a light cavity structure similar to a rice shape to enhance the recognition. In addition, there is a real air duct under the headlights to help the brake system dissipate heat, and the lower enclosure and the hood highlight the sense of movement, which is quite sporty.

Xiaomi automobile Xiaomi SU7 2023 800km four-wheel drive Max version

Xiaomi automobile Xiaomi SU7 2023 800km four-wheel drive Max version

Home of the car

   Coming to the side of the car body, Xiaomi SU7 has a very smooth body line, showing a feeling similar to a coupe. The slip-back tail design and the extended wheel eyebrow design are easy to remind people of the elements of a German sports car brand. In terms of the rear of the vehicle, the new car adopts the popular through taillight design, and the xiaomi logo is above it to enhance the recognition. The upturned duckling tail is beautifully designed, and it will also be equipped with an electric spoiler function. It is worth mentioning that the official timely adjusted and completed the declaration in response to the problem that the font of XIAOMI brand LOGO at the tail of the official map vehicle was too large.

Xiaomi automobile Xiaomi SU7 2023 800km four-wheel drive Max version

Xiaomi automobile Xiaomi SU7 2023 800km four-wheel drive Max version

Xiaomi automobile Xiaomi SU7 2023 800km four-wheel drive Max version

   In terms of car system, Xiaomi 澎湃 OS will be installed in the car system of SU7. Xiaomi SU7 is equipped with Snapdragon 8295 chip, and the Xiaomi tablet can be seamlessly mounted on the car, which is used as the rear expansion screen. Xiaomi SU7 supports five-screen linkage, and its application ecology covers mainstream in-vehicle applications, tablet applications and mobile phone applications, supports CarPlay and airplay, and supports Apple iPad to get on the bus.

   In terms of body size, its length, width and height are 4997/1963 /1440mm and its wheelbase is 3000mm. In terms of power, the maximum power of Xiaomi SU7 dual-motor version is 673 horsepower, the acceleration time from 0 to 100 km/h is 2.78 seconds, and it is equipped with Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited ternary lithium battery with a capacity of 101kWh, and the CLTC cruising range is 800km. The single-motor version has a maximum power of 299 HP, an acceleration time of 5.28 seconds from 0 to 100 km/h, and a capacity of 73.6kWh. The CLTC cruising range is 668km. (Some sources: CCTV Finance; Text/car home Zhouyi)

2022 Chongqing Auto Show opens. Hundreds of new cars are launched nationwide.

People’s Daily Online, Chongqing, June 26 (Hu Hong) On the 25th, the 2022 Chongqing Auto Show opened at Chongqing (Yuelai) International Expo Center. At the auto show, more than 100 new cars were launched nationwide, and over 1,000 models were displayed in a centralized way. The exhibition also created the first intelligent networked new energy vehicle museum in China, which attracted the attention of many citizens. The auto show also set up the first motorcycle show, bringing together nearly 20 popular brands, and high-end electric motorcycles made in Chongqing appeared one after another.

Chang 'an Deep Blue SL03 appeared. Photo courtesy of Changan Automobile

Chang ‘an Deep Blue SL03 appeared. Photo courtesy of Changan Automobile

Changan dark blue SL03 pure electric version debuted.

At this auto show, the pure electric version of Changan Deep Blue SL03 made its debut. Both the car and the previous extended-range version are based on Changan’s brand-new EPA1 pure electric platform, with a pre-sale range of 179,800-231,800 yuan, which is expected to be officially listed in July this year.

Changan Deep Blue SL03 has a body size of 4820*1890*1480mm, a wheelbase of 2900mm, an aspect ratio of 0.78 and an axle length ratio of 0.6. Through the overall optimization of the overall aerodynamics of the car body, the drag coefficient of Changan Deep Blue SL03 is as low as 0.23Cd, which is equivalent to the level of Model3, with the help of the slip-back car body, sports kit, hidden door handle and closed aerodynamic wheel hub.

In terms of intelligent technology, Changan Deep Blue SL03 adopts a number of intelligent technologies, such as intelligent information screen, intelligent steering sunflower screen, intelligent voice assistant, intelligent scene in the whole cockpit, NFC card unlocking and intelligent induction of Bluetooth key, to help consumers travel conveniently, easily and comfortably.

In terms of power, Deep Blue SL03 is equipped with Changan’s new generation super collector drive, with a peak power of 190kW, a peak torque of 320Nm, and an acceleration time of 0-100km/h of 5.9S s. In the future, Deep Blue SL03 will also introduce extended-range power and hydrogen fuel cell power. When the extended-range model is full of oil and electricity, the cruising range of CLTC can reach more than 1,200km under comprehensive working conditions, and the cruising range of pure electric mode can also reach 200 km, and the fuel consumption can be as low as 4.5L/100km in power-loss mode, while the hydrogen fuel cell power model can be recharged for 3 minutes, and the cruising range of CLTC can reach more than 700km, with a hydrogen consumption of 0.

Lantu Auto made its debut with its two models, Lantu FREE and Lantu Dreamer.

Lantu Auto made its debut with its two models, Lantu FREE and Lantu Dreamer. Photo courtesy of Lantu Automobile

Lantu Auto unveiled with two models.

At the auto show, Lantu Automobile, a high-end electric brand of Dongfeng Motor Group, made its debut with its two models, Lantu FREE and Lantu Dreamer.

At the scene, the Lantiu automobile booth attracted many consumers to stop and visit. Lantu FREE is equipped with air suspension and supports adaptive height adjustment of 100mm up and down. In addition, Lantu FREE has original extended-range and pure electric dual-power modes. The extended-range version can be powered by oil and electricity, and supports four ways to replenish energy. The comprehensive fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is as low as 1.3L It is worth mentioning that all the functions of intelligent driving assistance come standard in Lantu FREE. The automatic parking system not only supports lateral and vertical parking spaces, but also supports inclined train spaces, which can be recognized for parking without reference objects and parking lines.

Lantu FREE body is built with the design concept of ultra-high strength cage cockpit skeleton body, equipped with the world’s first 2000MPa aluminum-silicon coated door crash beam, and the world’s first TRB+Patch composite structure thermoformed A-pillar, which can protect the safety of people in the car to the greatest extent in the event of collision.

In terms of battery safety, Lantu FREE successfully challenged the world’s first public test of bottom collision of electric vehicles after wading, and the test results were "no smoke, no fire, no explosion and no water". Lantu FREE pays more attention to the health and safety of users than its peers. It is equipped with an intelligent air management system to keep the air fresh in the car. Lantu FREE is also equipped with OEKO-TEX EU baby skin-friendly first-class seats made of environmentally friendly materials.

7 Lianban Lihang Technology: The company’s business has not changed since its listing, and there is no income from low-altitude economic business at present.

Lihang Technology announced on March 13th that the company’s stock closed at the daily limit price for seven consecutive trading days from March 5th to March 13th.

The company’s main business is aircraft ground support equipment, aircraft test and inspection equipment, aircraft process equipment, aircraft parts processing and aircraft parts assembly, etc. The company’s business has not changed since its listing, and the company currently has no income from low-altitude economic business.

The list of national key protected wild animals and plants has not changed for 20 years and needs to be updated urgently.

  In January 2018, the only South China Golden Cat in the global zoo died in Hangzhou Zoo. Li Jian photo/bright picture

  The existing list of species protection in China has not been systematically updated in the past 20 years. The list of national key protected wild animals was promulgated in 1989, and the list of national key protected wild plants (the first batch) was promulgated in 1999, and it has only been fine-tuned once so far; The List of National Key Protected Wild Plants (Second Batch) has been in the state of "discussion draft" and has not yet been officially promulgated.

  The past two or three decades have witnessed the fastest economic development and urbanization in China, especially in the eastern and southern parts with high population density. Many natural habitats have been developed and changed, and resource utilization and human activities have intensified, resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation, which has greatly reduced the distribution and number of wild animal populations.

  The Yangtze finless porpoise, once affectionately called "Jiang Pig" by the residents along the Yangtze River because of its naive and extremely common behavior, has rapidly decreased in population in the past 20 years, from 2,700 in 1991, 1,800 in 2006 and 1,050 in 2012 to less than 1,000 now — — This figure makes people who care about the protection of finless porpoises feel worried.

  Following the functionally extinct baiji, the Yangtze finless porpoise has been known as the "giant panda in the water" for more than 10 years, and the recent related research has even divided the Yangtze finless porpoise into an independent species. However, the "giant panda in the water" has not been treated as a giant panda: in the list of key protected wild animals in China, the finless porpoise has not changed since it was designated as a second-class protected animal in 1989. Although experts and conservation organizations keep calling for upgrading, the Ministry of Agriculture and the State Council have issued documents to strengthen the protection of finless porpoises, but the adjustment of the list involves the coordination and unification of various departments in charge of wildlife protection, so it has not been realized.

  The lag of protection level cannot be said to have no influence on the living conditions of Yangtze finless porpoises today.

  The Red List of Endangered Species published by IUCN divides the endangered species into nine grades, which are evaluated and updated by experts all over the world about every five years. It also includes the evaluation results of China species regularly organized by the National Endangered Species Science Committee of China, that is, the Red List of China Species. The rating of Yangtze finless porpoise in IUCN Red List was "endangered" in 2000, and it was upgraded to "extremely endangered" in 2013, only one step away from "extinction in the wild".

  China Nature Watch 2016, an independent analysis report jointly issued by a number of nature conservation agencies and the Research Center for Nature Conservation and Social Development of Peking University, pointed out that the IUCN Red List involves threatened species in China (including critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), and 405 of them are not included in China’s protection list; However, 197 species in China’s protected list are "non-endangered" species in the IUCN Red List — — This means: on the one hand, a considerable number of endangered species are not protected by Chinese laws; On the other hand, some species that are not endangered may occupy limited conservation resources.

  Specifically, there are the following situations:

  First, it has been endangered for a long time but has never been included in the list. For example, the spoonbill snipe is a migratory bird passing through the eastern and southern coastal beaches of China. At present, the population in the world is estimated to be less than 100 pairs, and the habitat along its migration route, especially the development of coastal wetlands in East Asia, is the main reason for the extreme endangerment of this species. The IUCN Red List assessed it as endangered in 2004, and soon adjusted it to extremely endangered in 2008. However, this species was not included in the list of key protected animals in China, but only appeared in the List of Terrestrial Wild Animals Protected by the State (referred to as the "Three Lists").

  Second, in the past 20 years, it has become endangered from no danger. For example, the well-known "sparrowfinch", the yellow-breasted flounder, still had a huge population and was widely distributed in the 1990s. In 2000, it was assessed as a non-endangered species in the IUCN Red List, and then its population plummeted due to excessive killing and eating and the large occupation of rice fields in its main habitat, and it was assessed as extremely endangered in 2017. At present, the sparrows are not listed in the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals.

  Third, it has been included in the protection list, but the level is lower than the actual endangered situation. In addition to the Yangtze finless porpoise, another example is a species unique to China — — Yellow-lipped fish is evaluated as extremely dangerous in IUCN red list. But like finless porpoises, yellow-lipped fish is only Grade II in the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals. Yellow-lipped fish is one of the rarest species in the family Sciaenidae, with low protection rating, serious lack of public concern and national protection; In addition, some news media reported positively that fishermen caught yellow-lipped fish and sold it at a sky-high price, which aggravated the pressure of overfishing on this species.

  Fourth, the list of the second batch of key protected plants has been delayed, and a number of endangered plants cannot be effectively protected. More than 2,000 species of plants threatened with extinction in the "second discussion draft" have not been protected by law due to disputes over jurisdiction by several competent authorities. Most of these plants have great economic value, so the wild population is over-utilized. For example, there are no restrictions on the mining and trading of wild ginseng in China, and sometimes it is even encouraged by individual news media. The situation is similar to that of wild Dendrobium candidum and Dendrobium huoshanense.

  Fifth, some species endemic to China, but not endangered, are listed in the protection list. For example, Davidia involucrata, clover and Tibetan wild donkey are all national first-class protected species, but the number of wild populations is very large. According to China Nature Watch 2016, the protection of these species is improving.

  China Nature Watch 2016 also assessed the protection status of all species in the current List of National Key Protected Wild Animals/Plants and all China species (1085 in total) on the threatened list in the IUCN Red List from 2000 to 2015. The results show that only 102 species have improved, 738 species have deteriorated, and the remaining 245 species lack information.

  It can be seen that the outdated list leads to the lag of law enforcement, which is one of the reasons for the deterioration of the protection of quite a few threatened species. There are many reasons why the catalogue has not been updated, and the lack of species information, especially the reliable information of population number, actual distribution and change, is only one of them. With the country’s attention to species protection and the promotion of the whole society’s awareness of protection, especially the opportunities for the general public to participate in natural observation of birds and beasts are increasing and deepening, and the information gaps are being filled step by step. Another major obstacle affecting the updating of the directory is the deadlock caused by the difficulty in coordinating multi-sector management. It is expected that the integration of natural resource management departments will help solve the problem of multi-sector management of wildlife protection. In fact, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Wildlife Protection Law (Revised Draft), which came into effect on January 1, 2017, has written into the law that the list of protected animals should be updated every five years. Therefore, it is imperative to update the list as soon as possible.

  For the adjustment of the list, we suggest to establish an evaluation standard based on experts and scientific data on the basis of referring to the research reports such as IUCN Red List of Endangered Species, China Red List of Species and China Nature Watch 2016, and comprehensively sort out and rate the species in China, so as to adjust the protection level. For example, the IUCN Red List can include endangered and extremely endangered species, and the species with a score lower than -2 (inclusive) in the reference of China Nature Watch 2016 can be adjusted as national first-class key protected species; Adjust (or reserve) flagship species such as giant panda, snow leopard and Chinese white dolphin, umbrella species and top predator species in the ecosystem as national first-class key protected species; The species in the discussion draft of "List of National Key Protected Wild Plants (Second Batch)" will be officially promulgated to make it legally effective. In principle, non-endangered and low-endangered species will not be removed from the list, but only downgraded. For example, if the species in the current protection list are non-endangered and near-endangered in the IUCN Red List, and the score in China Nature Watch 2016 is higher than -1 (inclusive), it will be adjusted to the national second-class key protected species; Extinct species are indicated separately; Remove the taxonomically proved species (such as heterophylla japonica) from the list.

  We earnestly hope that the "Updated List of National Key Protected Species" will be put on the legislative agenda as soon as possible and promulgated as soon as possible, so that all the truly endangered species can be protected by law.

   (Author: Lv Zhi Gu Lei, professor of Nature Conservation and Social Development Research Center of Peking University, lecturer of Capital Normal University and head of nature observation project of Shanshui Nature Conservation Center)

Comments | The decision-making level made five statements within one month. How to get the house price in 2017?

  CCTV News:Looking back on 2016, this year’s property market can be described as "first rising and then restraining". If the hot words in the first half of the year are skyrocketing housing prices, then the hot words in the second half of the year are undoubtedly the introduction of regulatory policies, and this trend is continuing.

  Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development: Pay close attention to hot cities, control housing prices, and destock third-and fourth-tier cities

  On the 29th, the website of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development published the Circular of the Party Group of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the Communist Party of China on Inspection and Rectification, pointing out that it will continuously strengthen the regulation of the real estate market and actively carry out research.Pay close attention to hot cities to control housing prices, and third-and fourth-tier cities and counties and cities to go to stock.And standardize and rectify the market order.

  In fact, this has been the decision-making level since December.the fifth timeClear real estate regulation and control objectives.

  The Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee held a meeting on December 9, pointing out that it is necessary to dissolve the real estate inventory, accelerate the urbanization of migrant workers, promote the reform of the housing system to meet new citizens, expand effective demand, and stabilize the real estate market.

  On December 14th, the Central Economic Work Conference held a meeting and pointed out that it is necessary to adhere to the position that "houses are used for living, not for speculation" and put forward solutions.

  On December 21st, the 14th meeting of the Central Leading Group for Finance and Economics emphasized standardizing the housing rental market and curbing the real estate bubble.

  On December 26th, Chen Zhenggao, Minister of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction, pointed out that we should do a good job in preventing bubbles and risks in hot cities.

  Since the introduction of the new policy of property market regulation in many cities across the country on September 30, the price increase in many hot cities across the country declined in November.

△ On December 11th, China Index Academy released the national residential price index of 100 cities in November 2016.

  However, the transaction volume price of some cities is still at a high level, which also triggered the second upgrade of the regulatory policies of a series of cities. It is worth mentioning that since December, the efforts to control housing prices in various places are still increasing:

  Upgrade purchase restriction in several provincial capital cities:

  December 26, Jinan City

  Purchase restriction for registered households in this city2 sets; Foreign purchase restriction1 set, and must provide proof of paying personal income tax or social insurance in urban areas for more than 24 consecutive months. In addition, in the new property market policy issued by Jinan, clear management measures are put forward for the transaction behavior of the land market.

  In December, Zhengzhou City restricted purchase and loan double upgrade.

  On December 21st, Zhengzhou announced the regulation policy and upgraded the existing purchase restriction policy. That is, on the basis of the original purchase restriction,More than 180 square meters (inclusive)Housing (including new commercial housing and stock housing) is also included in the scope of purchase restriction.

  Non-Zhengzhou household registration families need to provide continuous payment in Zhengzhou when purchasing houses in Zhengzhou.More than 2 years(including 2 years) personal income tax or social insurance certificate. In addition, the New Deal has further increased the use of other means of regulation, such as reaffirming the strict control of housing provident fund credit policy.

  On December 23, Henan Province issued the Notice on Further Improving the Personal Housing Loan Business in Zhengzhou Restricted Area, and the down payment ratio of the second suite was adjusted to60%The Zhengzhou real estate market’s loan restriction regulation policy has been upgraded again.

  On December 21, Wuhan issued a notice to expand the scope of housing purchase restriction.

  It is stipulated that from December 22nd, Wuhan will increase the housing purchase restriction in some areas of Dongxihu District, Jiangxia District and huangpi district.

  Beijing, a typical representative of first-tier cities, also clearly pointed out a few days ago that investment speculation should be resolutely curbed.Ensure that house prices will not increase in 2017.. This means that controlling housing prices has become the top priority of real estate regulation.

  The central level has repeatedly reiterated the requirements of real estate regulation and control, and the upgrading of local regulation and control policies have further explained the urgency of real estate regulation and control. Looking forward to 2017, how will the real estate market go?

  In the hot real estate market, everyone hopes to have a magical crystal ball and see the future development direction of the market. Any judgment on whether the future house price changes will rise or fall is like a gambling game.Fortunately, however, the market trend is a linear continuation. Summarizing the changes in the property market in the past year, we can see some clues about the market in the next 12 months.

  Multi-pronged approach, the property market continues to cool down

  First of all, the soaring housing prices in the first ten months of 2016 are related to loose money and credit and lax supervision.Some funds originally expected to enter the real economy have instead entered the real estate investment field to promote housing prices.After October, a series of policies to strictly control the risks of real estate financial business, including prohibiting illegal issuance or misappropriation of credit funds into the real estate sector, have an immediate impact on real estate.According to the price dynamics of newly-built houses in 70 large and medium-sized cities in November released by the National Bureau of Statistics of China on December 19th, the number of cities whose house prices fell month-on-month increased to 11, an increase of 4 cities compared with October.

  One of the priorities of the central bank’s monetary policy in 2017 will be to curb the real estate bubble.In 2017, the monetary policy will remain stable and neutral, and at the same time, efforts will be made to prevent and control asset bubbles and strictly limit the flow of credit to invest in speculative housing purchases.The monetary authorities can induce short-term interest rate increase and guide banks to slow down the growth rate of real estate-related financing through regulation, and these measures will cool down the real estate.

  Secondly, the high housing prices in 2016 are related to residents’ lack of investment channels.At the beginning of the year, the successive "fuse" and "stock market crash" made a large number of investors lose confidence in the stock market. After a knife and knife, a lot of funds were transferred from the stock market and flowed to the property market that seemed to have a good rate of return at that time. After the addition of this fund, the heat of the market has been greatly improved and the property price has been raised.

  In the new year, although it is hard to say that the stock market will definitely pick up, it is unlikely to be worse than in the past.Moreover, the chances of a bond market pullback after the year-end crash are also rising.Therefore, in the new year, investors will have more choices and may not necessarily stick to the real estate with poor liquidity.This kind of asset diversion will make the property market "de-bubble" to a certain extent.

  Third, in the new year, the government’s control over the property market will be further increased on the basis of 2016, and the use value of the house will accelerate its return.The parties will further clarify that the house is for living, not for speculation. We should make precise efforts in regulation, curb investment speculation, increase the supply of ordinary commodity housing, and meet the rigid demand for housing. In order to achieve this goal, the government will provide more housing choices for residents by increasing the supply of residential land and standardizing the rental market.

  The regulation of the property market is not a comprehensive suppression, but a combination of strict control and guidance.

  It is a distinctive feature of the real estate policy in the new year that the policy will be implemented because of the city.What is certain is that the government will not comprehensively suppress and control the real estate policy across the board, but will combine strict control with guidance.The real estate market in first-tier cities should be strictly controlled; The focus of second-tier cities is to stabilize housing prices; The third-and fourth-tier cities still aim at "destocking".It is precisely because of the different control objectives that in the new year, there may be a greater division in the direction of housing prices in first, second and third tier cities.

  Of course, whether this series of regulatory policies can effectively affect the property market depends on the extent to which the government can resist the temptation of real estate to stimulate economic growth. In mid-2016, due to the steady economic growth in the first three quarters, the fourth quarter became a window period for regulation. And in the new year,Facing the new beginning, the balance between the government’s goal of achieving economic growth of not less than 6.5% and paying attention to the risk of real estate bubble will greatly affect the trend of the property market.

  At the same time, it should be clear that,Even under the combined effect of various conditions, it is difficult for the property market to rise as sharply as in 2016 in the new year, but it does not mean that the property market will definitely plummet.After all, no matter from the current proportion of mortgage in bank loans or the proportion of real estate in personal assets, the sharp drop in house prices will bring systemic financial risks and social risks, and the sharp drop in house prices does not meet the regulatory objectives.Therefore, in the new year, it is expected that house prices will bid farewell to the previous unilateral rising mode, and in the two-way mode, no matter the rise or fall, they will be controlled within a moderate range as much as possible.

The earliest tea unearthed in the world has promoted the tea affair in China for 300 years, and tea culture is exquisite.

Original literature and history Jun Haoran literature and history

There are two boys serving tea in the front of (part of) Yan Yin Tu in Tang Dynasty.

An archaeological report published by the archaeological team of Shandong University officially announced the discovery of the world’s earliest tea in the ruins of the ancient city of Guo in Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong. Prior to this, the earliest tea in the world was found in the burial pit of Yangling, Emperor Liu Qi of the Han Dynasty. This discovery of Shandong University directly pushed the historical upper limit of tea drinking in China for more than 300 years. Tea, as a kind of drink, has entered the daily life of China people for a long time. With the development of history, not only tea itself and its related material forms have been developed, but also tea has entered the spiritual world of China people and become a sustenance of the elegant people. When the tea inscription meets the ancient paintings, those long-gone tea events are vividly presented in front of us. Let’s follow these ancient paintings to see the tea events in China!

Tea found in the ruins of the ancient city of Guo in Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong Province

I. Tea Affairs in Tang and Song Dynasties

China people’s acceptance of tea is a gradual process. Legend has it that tea originated from Emperor Yan Shennong, but at this time it was used as a medicinal drink. In the Warring States period, people in China had drunk tea. In the Han Dynasty, tea was still used as a medicine or food to participate in people’s lives.

The earliest and most reliable record of tea can be found in "Tong Yue" written by Wang Bao of Sichuan in the Western Han Dynasty. It records what a servant should do every day, and one of them is "brew tea does everything … Wuyang buys tea". Later, tea pots engraved with the word "tea" in the Eastern Han Dynasty were unearthed in Zhejiang and other places. This shows that tea has been quite popular in the Han Dynasty.

Although there were sporadic records about tea in Wei and Jin Dynasties, the tea culture at this time was still in a hazy period. Tea culture gradually surfaced, not only in ancient paintings, but also in systematic records, starting from the Tang Dynasty. The Classic of Tea by Lu Yu, a native of Tang Dynasty, is the first monograph on tea culture in the history of China, while The Orchid Pavilion of Xiao Yi is the first ancient painting with brew tea in the history of our country.

The Song Dynasty’s Copy of Xiao Yi Earning Lan Ting Tu, which was anonymous in Tang Dynasty.

The popularity of tea in the Tang dynasty was recorded in detail in the sealed "Feng’s Experience". It is said that during the Kaiyuan period, a monk in Lingyan Temple in Taishan forgot to eat and sleep in order to study Zen, and he relied on drinking tea to eliminate his fatigue and hunger. After the news spread, it became a custom to follow suit. From Shandong to Chang ‘an, the then capital city, and Chasiying Street, the world could beg for a cup of tea as long as it invested money.

After the publication of Lu Yu’s Tea Classics in Tang Suzong, tea culture gradually became an art, which was favored by ministers and nobles. "When the tea ceremony is popular, all princes and courtiers will drink.".

"Wu Mei Niang Legend" Tea tasting in upper class

A picture of Gong Le Tu in the Tang Dynasty depicts twelve beautiful women playing music around the table. They are holding pipa, guzheng, sheng and other musical instruments. There is a big tea basin on the table, and a maid-in-waiting is taking tea from the tea basin and giving it to everyone. A beautiful woman is making a drink, which shows that tea has become an essential thing for these princes and nobles to have fun every day.

Gong le tu in Tang dynasty

According to Lu Yu’s Book of Tea, people in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into boiled tea, nunnery tea and tea. In the Tang dynasty, people also called boiling tea fried tea. Although their names are different, their methods are generally the same. Use a "tea pot" or "tea kettle" for "boiling tea". After the tea is cooked, you need to use a tea spoon to take it to other places. The "fried tea" uses "tea pan", and after the tea is cooked, it can flow directly from the spout to the container.

Temple tea is now brewed directly with boiling water, while tea is special. In the Tang Dynasty, people mixed tea and porridge into a kind of tea porridge, and this drinking method was called "porridge".

"Xiao Yi Earns Lanting Map" Part

The painting "Xiao Yi Earns Lanting Map" tells the story of Xiao Yi defrauding Lanting Preface from the debating machine for Emperor Taizong. In the lower left corner of the painting, there is a stove boiling tea, and an old man is squatting on the ground, holding a bamboo pod and stirring the tea powder in the tea pot. The old man is on his back, his nostrils are enlarged, and he seems to appreciate the rich tea fragrance. While another teenager is holding a black lacquer lamp holder and a white porcelain bowl, leaning over and waiting to pick up the tea that is about to be fried. The instrument used by the old people to cook tea is a tea jar. After the tea is cooked, it can be poured directly into the tea cup offered by the young people. This way of frying tea was a common way in the Tang Dynasty. Besides, we can also see tea-making tools such as saucer, tea mill and tea combination in this painting.

The image expressed in "Xiao Yi Earns Lanting Map" itself is that guests come to cook tea, which inadvertently reflects the skills and related tools of tea cooking in Tang Dynasty, and shows that the method of tea cooking in Tang Dynasty has reached maturity and entered people’s daily life. It is in line with Lu Yu’s sentence: "When you are immersed in the customs, it is prosperous in the country, and the two capitals are between Jing and Yu, thinking that it is better than drinking in the house."

The maid on the left side of Tang Zhou Fang’s "Tune the piano and compose the tea" serves tea.

Song people are better at tea than Tang people, but they have the habits of Song people. Tea was divided into "piece tea" and "loose tea" by Song people. "Piece tea" is a cake that has been squeezed into cakes, while "loose tea" is tea that has not been squeezed. However, Song people like tea powder, that is, grinding tea into powder, so whether it is "piece tea" or "loose tea", it is actually tea powder.

Because of the different forms of tea, the way of drinking tea in Song Dynasty was different from that in Tang Dynasty. Tang people like to "make tea", while Song people like to "order tea". The so-called "tea-ordering" means putting the tea powder in a tea cup, adding soup to it with a tea bottle, and finally stirring the tea powder. "Ordering" also means drip. This process seems simple, but it is actually very learned. The appearance of ordering tea, a way of drinking tea, also led to the emergence of a competition about tea cooking in Song Dynasty-fighting tea.

Prepare tea map

Tea fighting, also known as "tea fighting", has several processes. At first, it is necessary to iron the tea cup, and then "paste mixing", that is, pour the tea powder into the tea cup. The most important process is to pour boiling water and stir the tea leaves with teaspoons and tea baskets. Especially when mixing with a tea basket, we should pay attention to the priorities. After mixing a bowl of good tea soup, the foam floating on the surface should be evenly spread and the foam should be close to the tea cup, which is called "biting the cup". However, if the foamed camellia is not evenly spread to reveal a gap, then the mixing fails, which is called "cloud foot scattering" or "water foot scattering".

In the Song Dynasty, we can see several people in folk costumes squatting and fighting for tea, which is a good picture of folk fighting for tea.

Song dynasty’s anonymous "dou cha tu"

Generally speaking, not all tea leaves will use tea in this way. Song Wangguan said in "Learning Forest" that "the best of tea is to sip it; Those who fry and sip it are all common ",that is to say, good tea will use the way of ordering tea, and ordinary tea will still be used to fry tea." But in fact, almost everyone in the Song Dynasty used some tea when drinking tea.

Song people like tea, from the emperor or the public to the common people. Song Huizong once painted a picture of Wen Hui Tu, which was about the literati’s elegant collection of tea. The lower part of the painting depicts several waiters waiting for soup and ordering tea, showing the literati’s love for ordering tea at that time. In addition, in order to meet their own demand for tea, the royal family in the Northern Song Dynasty specially sent a transshipment ambassador to Beiyuan, Fujian Province to make tribute tea, with the name "Dragon and Phoenix Tuancha". Song Huizong once praised it as "Dragon and Phoenix Tuancha, which is famous in the world", and even wrote "Daguan Tea Theory" himself, becoming the only emperor in China history who personally wrote the tea theory.

Wen Hui Tu by Song Huizong in Northern Song Dynasty (partial)

In the masterpiece The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, we can find tea shops everywhere in the bustling Bianjing street, which became the most important place to meet the material and spiritual needs of the citizens in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Song Zhang Zeduan’s Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival (partial)

Second, tea affairs in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties

The Yuan Dynasty was a dynasty established by Mongolian ethnic minorities. Because of the difference in diet, the Mongols were not very interested in drinking tea. In addition, the country of the Yuan Dynasty was not very long, so the drinking habits of the Yuan Dynasty basically followed the way of drinking tea in the Song Dynasty. However, the Yuan Dynasty was a transitional stage. At that time, there was a tea-making method of "soaking soup to remove smoke and decocting it with soup" in the south, which was basically consistent with the tea-drinking method in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Yuan mural Dao Tong

By the Ming Dynasty, there had been another great change in the way of drinking tea in China. Because the manufacturing process of tea powder is complicated, Ming Taizu officially abolished the tribute tea in Fujian in the Song Dynasty in the 24th year of Hongwu, and changed the tea powder to make tea. The form of tea was formally changed from group tea and cake tea to loose tea, which led to the general way of making tea now. Tea powder was abandoned, and the method of ordering tea was naturally abandoned. Over time, people in the Ming Dynasty did not know what the method of ordering tea was.

Xu Cishu, a Ming Dynasty man, recorded the way of making tea in Tea and Vegetables Cooking Point: "First, hold tea in your hand, once the soup is put into the pot, throw the tea soup at hand, and cover it with a lid. When you breathe three times, you will pour it into the pot again." Although the Ming people still pay attention to the first tea soup for washing tea and the second for drinking, this way of making tea has been much simpler than the tea frying method in Tang Dynasty and the tea ordering method in Song Dynasty.

Ming anonymous "tea tasting map"

In Wen Zhiming’s Tea Tasting Map, we can see a grass hiding under a tree, two people sitting opposite each other in the cottage, a teapot and two white porcelain teacups on the middle desk, and a boy cooking water in the side room. Tea drinking is born with a quiet temperament. Drinking tea in downtown is lively, but in such an environment as painting, tea drinking pays attention to quietness, and it is the most desirable way for scholars in Ming Dynasty to discuss tea in quietness. Zhang Yuan, a Ming Dynasty scholar, said in Tea Record: "Drinking tea with few guests is more expensive, but many guests are noisy, and noisy is lacking in elegance." It can be seen that the tea drinking of Ming scholars is a static word, which also gives a different sustenance to tea tasting.

Tea Tasting Map by Wen Zhiming in Ming Dynasty (partial)

When we compare this picture with the Song Dynasty’s "Dou Cha Tu" mentioned before, we will find that with the disappearance of tea powder and tea ordering, tea sets have been simplified, and the tools needed for drinking tea in the Song Dynasty, such as tea grinders, teaspoons and tea baskets, are no longer popular, so that scholars in the middle and late Ming Dynasty will be confused when they read the tea baskets written by Song people.

Tea basket

Although the procedures for drinking tea and tea sets have been simplified, the quality of life of the literati in Ming and Qing dynasties has not decreased at all. They have played new tricks on the remaining teapots, teacups and tea cans, and the tea sets in the Ming and Qing dynasties are more exquisite and exquisite.

Teapots in the two dynasties were made of purple clay pots, and Wen Zhenheng, a Ming dynasty, said in "Chronicles of Long Stories" that "the teapot is made of sand, and the cover is neither fragrant nor cooked." Ming people also prefer small pots, it is best to have a small pot for each person at the elegant meeting, so as to enjoy themselves.

Porcelain firing in Ming and Qing Dynasties reached its peak, which was reflected in tea ware’s style. Most of tea ware are exquisite, but the style is according to the emperor’s preference. Yong Zhengdi in Qing Dynasty likes elegance, while tea sets in Yongzheng Dynasty are mostly simple in shape, fresh and elegant in style, giving people a pleasing feeling. For example, in Yongzheng period, there were two Yixing Kiln Zisha tea pots, one of which was hexagonal, with the word "before the rain" engraved on the lid, while the other was round and round, with the word "Zhulan" engraved on the lid.

Objects in Yongzheng period

However, Emperor Qianlong advocated magnificence, so the style of tea set in Qianlong Dynasty was warm and gorgeous, and glaze and other techniques were widely used, with bright colors and diverse patterns, with the intention of highlighting the weather of a prosperous generation. For example, in the Qianlong Dynasty, a sapphire Sanqing tea poem covered the bowl. The sapphire was transparent, covered with gold patterns, and the bowl was exquisitely carved with poems. But this is also generally speaking, there were gorgeous tea sets in Yongzheng Dynasty, and there were also elegant tea sets in Qianlong Dynasty.

Qianlong period artifacts

It is worth mentioning that the rulers of the Qing Dynasty kept their own tea culture-milk tea when they accepted the tea culture of the Han nationality. According to records, Manchu people still kept the habit of drinking milk tea after entering the customs, and the palace also set up a special institution to provide milk tea. The Qing emperor liked to have a cup of milk tea before eating, and the milk tea and other drinks in the court were also distributed according to the quantity. The rulers of the Qing dynasty loved milk tea, and even when they went hunting, they didn’t forget to have a drink.

Ranz Ning’s Hongli Hunting Dinner in Qing Dynasty (partial)

Wen Shijun said

The origin of tea culture in China is very early, and ancient ancestors have already recognized the medicinal function of tea. With the development of history, tea has increasingly entered people’s daily lives, and the fragrance of tea can be smelled in the deep gardens of the palace, in the streets of the streets and in the barren hills and wild forests. The rise of tea culture has led to the change of the material form of tea drinking, and also enriched the spiritual life of the ancient people, and tea tasting has been given a different spiritual sustenance by the ancient people. Therefore, China’s tea culture includes both material and spiritual aspects.

reference data

Qiu Jiping: Chinese Tea Painting, Zhejiang Photography Publishing House, 2014.

Liao Baoxiu: Tea Affairs and tea ware in Past Dynasties, Palace Museum Press, 2017.

Zhao Qiuli and Fan Feng: The Archaeological Team of Shandong University Discovered the World’s Earliest Tea Remains, Guangming Daily, November 26, 2021.

(Author: Haoran literature and history Jingsu)

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