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The most beautiful love blooms! Zhang Guiping and Guo Jun Fu husband and wife have been fighting cancer for 8 years.

　　Great wall networkAugust 15 (trainee reporter Feng Lihua) They have gone through eight years of anti-cancer road, and after years of baptism and life test, they finally ushered in a long-lost happiness.

　　The care of life has made her more elegant and beautiful, and made him gain a wise and calm. In Chinese Valentine’s Day in 2018, they don’t need a deliberate surprise, only the tranquility of their home.

　　Her name is Guo Junfu, and she has suffered from nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gingival cancer cancer. His name is Zhang Guiping. During eight years, he accompanied his wife and used almost all the means to treat cancer. With a "study", he protected his wife through various difficulties, so that she was finally reborn and explained her love and responsibility.

　　On the morning of August 12th, I first met Zhang Guiping and Guo Jun, who were modest, quiet and warm. In a room filled with books, three cups of hot tea were brewed with the sound of Baroque-style piano played by his son, and we had a heart-to-heart talk.

With a "study room", Zhang Guiping protected his wife through various difficulties and finally made her reborn. Photo by Feng Lihua

　　An indelible pain — —
　　She has stage IV cancer, and he travels all over the country seeking medical treatment.

　　Zhang Guiping, Ph.D., Nankai University, currently teaching in shijiazhuang tiedao university; His wife Guo Junfu works in a bank in the provincial capital. They got married in 1998, and their married life has been calm and practical. In 2010, Guo Junfu, who has always been healthy and happy, fell ill without warning, cancer!

　　That year, the couple were only 37 years old and their son was 10 years old.

　　"On September 14, 2010, when I urgently took out the pathological examination report from the hospital, I saw that it was impressively written: poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of nasopharynx!" Zhang Guiping strolled aimlessly on the street pushing a bicycle and rubbed it home step by step. After arriving home, Zhang Guiping told his wife, "The nasopharyngeal minister has a tumor, which is benign and needs baking electricity." Although his wife is willing to believe that what Zhang Guiping said is true, at that moment, his wife fell in Zhang Guiping’s arms and sobbed silently … …

　　Finishing a stack of thick tickets, Guo Junfu tells the story of her husband running around Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other major hospitals for medical treatment. Photo by Feng Lihua

　　Since then, Zhang Guiping has embarked on a long road of seeking medical treatment. At first, he wandered around every floor and corner of the hospital like a trapped animal, sometimes in a hurry, and sometimes in a daze and helpless. He walked anxiously and confusedly through the crowded hospital beds on both sides of the corridor, watching bottles of colorless, white, red and yellow liquids drip into the patient’s body along the infusion catheter like rain. In this way, Zhang Guiping saw his wife wearing a hospital gown and admitted to the hospital. Gradually, his wife’s illness was relatively stable, and Zhang Gui only told her the truth.

　　However, only four months later, the results of the review once again brought the family to the brink of despair — — Lung metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The doctor clearly told Zhang Guiping that his wife was suffering from stage IV cancer, which was already advanced, and there were few precedents for cure. "When I think that my wife has terminal cancer, I suddenly feel sweaty, and a feeling of sadness quickly spreads to every corner of my body." Zhang Guiping’s mind repeatedly echoed the words of an authoritative expert in Beijing: "Once lung metastasis occurs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, it takes two years as long as one year."

　　Zhang Guiping fought back her grief and said firmly to her wife, "It’s all right, I’m here.". In the endless pain, this sentence gave his wife a strong support, and Zhang Guiping also used this sentence to motivate himself.

　　The lung metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma has not been cured yet, and another heavy blow has hit them — — In 2012, Guo Junfu was found in gingival cancer. An expert from the Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of China Academy of Medical Sciences said that she had been engaged in pathological diagnosis for more than 30 years, and it was the first time that she met a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gingival cancer. Because of the complicated condition, many doctors kindly reminded Zhang Gui Ping to give up the treatment, but Zhang Guiping could not flinch while watching his wife’s illness. He firmly believed that there must be a way. In recent years, Zhang Guiping has traveled all over the major hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shijiazhuang, and sought out more than 100 doctors, just trying to find the best treatment plan for his wife.

　　Powerful life — —
　　She has been fighting cancer for 8 years, and he has been treating cancer scientifically in his study.

　　"Every time I have radiotherapy, I can’t imagine how my wife felt when the heavy iron door closed. She was left alone ‘ Close ’ In that house, that one ‘ Clawing one’s teeth ’ Does she feel lonely and scared when the x-ray machine rotates around her head? " "I remember that at the end of my wife’s radiotherapy, my throat was so painful that I couldn’t swallow water. I tried to make some liquid food for my wife, but I couldn’t swallow it every time. One night, I went to the kitchen four times in a row."

　　The wife who suffered from cancer twice suffered from radiation pneumonia, atelectasis and chemotherapy-induced nerve injury several times during the 8-year anti-cancer process, and experienced too much pain and suffering, but her wife never shouted pain … … Bits and pieces are engraved in Zhang Guiping’s heart.
　　In the past eight years, he accompanied his wife in hospital for 37 times, with a total of 869 days. Surgery twice, radiotherapy twice, chemotherapy for 12 courses, targeted therapy for 32 times and biological therapy for 9 times; In the past eight years, he has learned to watch CT films and prepare Chinese medicine. He took good care of his wife, studied with tenacity and wisdom, and grasped the measure and rhythm of treatment reasonably. In the past 8 years, nearly 3,000 days and nights, he used a study to "cure" his wife’s cancer, and the doctor said that his wife had recovered clinically. They have created a miracle of life!

　　Can a study "cure" cancer? What Zhang Guiping expressed was a feeling. Obsessed with reading since childhood, he naturally thought of asking for advice from books in the face of his wife’s illness. So, Zhang Guiping bought hundreds of medical books and read them night after night. In 2011, my wife had a CT examination of the lung, and found many nodules, patches and cords, which were suspected of lung metastasis. The doctor could not give a definite conclusion. Some said it was metastasis, some said it was not like metastasis, some suggested thoracotomy, or needle aspiration for pathological diagnosis, and some said it was tuberculosis. Desperate to find out his wife’s illness, he began to find the answer from the book. There was a special section in the book called "Imaging Features of Lung Metastasis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma", which made it very clear that Zhang Guiping roughly determined that his wife had lung metastasis according to the description in the book. In 2012, when his wife gingival cancer had an operation, he bought a book "Surgery of Head and Neck Tumors" in advance, which introduced in detail various links such as preoperative preparation, intraoperative risks, postoperative care, etc., which helped them to decide whether to operate or not and the matters needing attention after operation. "I think that learning is the best way to do anything." Zhang Guiping said.

　　Since 2015, Guo Junfu has reviewed many times in a row, and all physical indicators have returned to normal. "My wife’s illness can be cured thanks to the progress of medical workers and medical science." In Zhang Guiping’s view, the most important thing in treating cancer is to grasp the measure and rhythm of treatment. How can we cure cancer correctly step by step, in a planned and strategic way? Learn more and think more, which is the most reliable.

　　Endless joy — —
　　They are enthusiastic about public welfare to make "life so beautiful"

　　The word "joy" is precious to this family. "In 2013, my son was admitted to the middle school affiliated to the Central Conservatory of Music, which was the only time that my family was favored by fate in these years. There has been no laughter and laughter in our home for a long time. " Recalling here, Zhang Guiping and Guo Junfu are still full of joy.

　　Now Guo Junfu has recovered his health and cherished this hard-won happiness. "Every time my lover walks into the house, he always calls my name loudly. For us, this simple call is a great happiness." Guo Junfu told reporters.

On weekdays, when cooking a home-cooked meal, both husband and wife are talking and laughing. Photo by Feng Lihua

On weekdays, when cooking a home-cooked meal, both husband and wife are talking and laughing. Photo by Feng Lihua

　　Over the years, Zhang Guiping and Guo Junfu witnessed the pain of cancer patients and their families, and understood the difficulties and hardships of cancer patients. "After my wife’s condition stabilized, I held a grateful heart and wrote our arduous and tortuous anti-cancer experience and treatment experience into a book beneficial to cancer patients — — "Life is so beautiful", I hope to pass on our tenacious scientific spirit of resistance to diseases to everyone. " Zhang Guiping introduced that this popular science book on cancer treatment was fortunate to be recommended by Guan Renshan, a famous contemporary writer and chairman of Hebei Writers Association, Professor Feng Fengyi, a famous national oncology expert, Fan Daiming, Qiu Weiliu, China Engineering Institute and Zhong Nanshan, China Engineering Institute, and wrote prefaces respectively.

　　"Since last year, my wife and I have held nearly 20 lectures on health and family style construction in and out of the province in our spare time," Guo Junfu told reporters. The couple’s unyielding anti-cancer experience, detours and understanding of marriage, family and responsibility have infected more people, and they have also gained the happiness of giving back to society and contributing to others.

　　In order to better serve the society, Zhang Guiping founded the WeChat official account named "Teacher Guiping". In the past year, readers from all over the country asked more than 15,000 questions, and Zhang Gui Ping often replied and answered them late into the night.

　　Everyone said that Zhang Guiping had done a lot for his wife, while Zhang Gui Ping said that he "just did what he should do".

　　Now, Zhang Guiping, who has won many honors such as "Good Man in China", "Top Ten People Who Moved the Provincial Capital", "Most Beautiful Family", "Civilized Family" and "Love Her Husband", wants to say: "flower of life, which blooms from the hardships of life, is so beautiful because of love, responsibility and dedication!"

The main contradiction in the development of new energy vehicles has changed. How can government subsidies help achieve carbon neutrality？

Since the State Council issued the "Development Plan for Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicles (2012~2020)" in 2012, the central and local governments have started to introduce "all-round and multi-level" support measures for the new energy vehicle industry, involving tax reduction and exemption for new energy vehicle enterprises, research and development support, consumption preferences for new energy vehicle consumers, supporting infrastructure construction, purchase subsidies and other aspects.

The investment of a large amount of financial subsidies has enabled China’s new energy automobile industry to achieve explosive growth in a relatively short period of time, but the extensive subsidy policy and the excessive disorderly growth of the industry have also brought many problems. Such as the lack of core technology, some enterprises using policy loopholes to cheat, etc., have become obstacles to the development of new energy automobile industry.

In recent years, the central government has issued an adjustment notice on the optimization policy of the new energy automobile industry, guided the new energy automobile industry in more detail, and gradually started the process of subsidizing the slope to guide the industry to develop healthily. In particular, the subsidy policy released in 2020 has optimized the existing policies. On the one hand, it is announced that the subsidy policy will be postponed until 2022, and the pace and intensity of slope retreat will be eased; On the other hand, the industrial policy has been further adjusted from the aspects of technical indicators, subsidy accuracy, subsidy methods, fund supervision and improvement of supporting measures, so as to avoid the problems that have appeared in the past.

All these measures reflect that supporting the development of new energy automobile industry has become a national basic strategy. This paper will give a comprehensive description of the development status and existing problems of China’s new energy automobile subsidy policy, and put forward corresponding problems and suggestions. At the same time, combined with the important goal recently put forward by the Supreme Leader General Secretary to strive to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to better guide and promote the new energy automobile industry to achieve carbon neutrality according to the existing industry policies.

China Significance of Subsidy Policy for New Energy Vehicles

1. New energy vehicles have positive externalities, and it is difficult to achieve the optimal scale of new energy vehicle supply simply by relying on market forces, so government financial subsidies are needed.

New energy vehicles have obvious positive externalities. First of all, it can reduce environmental pollution, improve air quality and reduce carbon emissions. At the same time, it can also alleviate the external dependence of oil and ensure national energy security. If only the market supply and demand are allowed to price new energy vehicles, the positive externalities cannot be reflected in the prices of new energy vehicles, and the optimal scale required by society cannot be achieved. In this case, it is necessary for the government to correct the problem of market mechanism pricing failure of new energy vehicles through appropriate administrative measures, such as financial subsidies.

China’s economic growth and the development of the automobile industry have continuously increased oil consumption, and this trend of continuous growth will not change in the short term, whether it is car ownership or crude oil consumption. At present, China is the largest crude oil importer in the world. In 2019, China’s crude oil imports reached 510 million tons, up 9.5% over the same period of last year. The annual domestic crude oil output was only 190 million tons, and its dependence on foreign countries reached 72%. The external dependence of oil threatens the energy security of China. The large-scale popularization of new energy vehicles can alleviate the external dependence of oil by replacing oil with electric energy.

2. The popularization and promotion of new energy vehicles can participate in the peak-shaving and valley-filling of the power grid and reduce the peak-shaving pressure of the power grid.

With the economic development, the peak load of China power grid system continues to increase. In 2018, the commercial and residential electricity consumption in the United States was 75%, while that in China was only 30%. With the widening gap between peak and valley, the pressure of peak shaving increased rapidly. The popularization of new energy vehicles will provide a new solution to reduce the peak-shaving pressure of power grid. Different charging prices can be provided according to the pressure of power grid at different time periods, and charging fees can be used as a means of regulation to drive users to charge when electricity consumption is low, so as to realize peak-shaving and valley-filling and improve the overall efficiency of power grid system. At the same time, the peak-shaving and valley-filling function of new energy vehicles can also strengthen the power grid’s ability to absorb clean energy and electricity, and further promote the process of energy conservation and emission reduction in the whole society.

3. The combination of new energy vehicles and new energy can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants, thus improving the environment and promoting the process of carbon neutrality.

Both pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles use electric energy to partially or completely replace fossil fuels to generate power. Therefore, the greenhouse gases and air pollution produced by new energy vehicles are lower than those produced by traditional energy vehicles. According to the experimental data of the State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology of the Center for Ecological Environment Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences, even considering the emissions from the upstream primary energy exploitation and transportation, power production and transmission and distribution, the emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants from new energy vehicles are far lower than those from traditional energy vehicles.

In the future, with the application of clean power and efficient industrial dust removal and desulfurization technologies, new energy vehicles will also bring more obvious emission reduction and environmental protection effects. Recently, high-level officials made it clear that China will strive to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, and the promotion and popularization of new energy vehicles is of great significance to the realization of this goal.

Current situation of subsidy policy for new energy automobile industry

Since 2016, the central government began to gradually decline the financial subsidy policy for new energy vehicles, and made it clear that the subsidy scale of each manufacturer will be determined by combining the energy saving and emission reduction effects of new energy vehicle manufacturers, the manufacturing costs of each manufacturer, the scale effect of each manufacturer and the level of technological development, and this scale will decrease year by year. For example, the subsidy standards in 2017 and 2018 will be about 20% less than those in 2016, while the subsidy standards in 2019 and 2020 will be determined. At the same time, establish standards for manufacturers to produce complete vehicles, and require stable performance of complete vehicle products; Perfect after-sales service and emergency safeguard measures; The warranty period and battery recycling should meet the standards.

It can be said that the policy basically laid the tone of the central government’s financial subsidy policy for new energy vehicles during the period from 2016 to 2020, and adjusted some details around this main tone. For example, during the five years from 2016 to 2020, the government successively issued five editions of financial subsidy policy notices on the promotion and application of new energy vehicles. Except for the great changes in the policy in 2020, the policy notices in other years mainly improve the existing policies from the details of the policies themselves. Among them, the main policy changes from 2016 to 2019 can be summarized as follows:

(1) raise the technical threshold, optimize the technical indicators, and really tilt the financial subsidies to those high-quality enterprises with core technologies and products. Improve the technical threshold for pure electric passenger cars and encourage enterprises to use and apply high-performance batteries.

(2) Improve the subsidy standards for new energy vehicles, and adjust and optimize the subsidy standards for new energy vehicles according to the cost changes. Encourage the popularization and application of high-tech, safe and reliable products.

(3) Breaking local protection and establishing a unified market. It is stipulated that all localities should not take any form of local protectionist measures, including but not limited to setting up local catalogues or filing, restricting the issuance of subsidy funds, conducting repeated inspections on new energy vehicles, requiring production enterprises to set up factories locally, and requiring enterprises to purchase local parts and components.

(4) Improve the liquidation system and fund supervision, consolidate the responsibility of the supervision layer, give full play to the role of social supervision, increase the punishment for fraudulent enterprises, and resolutely crack down on fraudulent behaviors.

(5) Strengthen market supervision and management, implement producer responsibility, and improve the production, sales and service management level of new energy automobile enterprises. Enterprises are required to further strengthen the management and control of their own production and sales links to ensure the safety, stability and reliability of their products. Improve the after-sales service of new energy vehicles to ensure that consumers’ rights and interests are protected.

The latest financial subsidy policy released in 2020 is a major adjustment in recent years. The biggest difference from previous industrial policy adjustments lies in extending the period of financial subsidies for new energy vehicles, easing the intensity and rhythm of subsidies, and extending the implementation period of financial subsidies for the promotion and application of new energy vehicles to the end of 2022. In addition, the notice also emphasized the modification of subsidies for fuel cell vehicles, demanding further breakthroughs in the fuel cell industry chain and core technologies to form a good situation of rational layout and coordinated development.

Problems in Subsidy Policy for New Energy Vehicles

Through financial subsidies, the production capacity and sales volume of new energy vehicles in China have achieved rapid growth. In 2016, the annual output was only 511,000 vehicles, and in 2019, it reached 1.239 million vehicles, and the output increased by 1.5 times in four years. In 2019, the global output of new energy vehicles reached 2.21 million vehicles, and China occupied more than half of the production capacity.

However, behind the rapid growth of output, it mainly relies on the huge financial investment of the government and industrial policy dividends. With the rapid development of the whole industry, many negative effects and disadvantages have gradually emerged. From the overall process of the development of new energy vehicles in China, the main problems of industrial subsidy policy can be summarized as follows:

1. Improper subsidy design leads to extensive industrial development model and low-end overcapacity. Moreover, due to the lack of supervision, enterprises cheat in the early stage of industry development, resulting in a lot of waste of funds and resources.

By May 2020, the Ministry of Finance had issued a total of 120.64 billion yuan of financial subsidies to support the new energy automobile industry, which greatly stimulated the rapid expansion of the new energy automobile industry, but also led to a "growth bubble". In order to maximize profits, some enterprises, under the banner of developing new energy vehicles, produce a large number of inferior electric vehicles that do not meet the national safety standards with inferior and crude technology.

After the subsidy policy was implemented, the output of new energy vehicles showed a blowout trend. In 2016, the annual output reached about twice the annual sales volume, and a large number of new energy vehicles did not enter the sales and public transportation fields. In 2019, the publicity of the audit of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology showed that enterprises had declared a total subsidy of 237,000 new energy vehicles, and only 207,000 vehicles were approved.

2. In the design of subsidy policy for new energy automobile industry, the market mechanism is insufficient, and the development relies too much on financial subsidies, which leads to the lack of independent innovation motivation of enterprises and affects the sustainable development of the whole industrial chain.

The notice of financial subsidy policy in 2020 announced the extension of subsidy policy and slowed down the pace of slope retreat. It not only shows the government’s determination to support the development of new energy vehicles, but also reflects many problems in the industry, and the development also depends on financial subsidies. If the subsidy is withdrawn, the industry development is likely to enter a bottleneck period, and independent sustainable development cannot be achieved.

In view of the above problems, the government has recently made necessary improvements in the adjustment document. Constantly strengthen supervision, and add more hard audit indicators in the cumulative mileage and battery life of new energy vehicles. Although the addition of these audit indicators has increased the workload of the financial subsidy process for new energy vehicles, it may lead to a relatively slow subsidy for capital settlement in the short term. But in the long run, it can improve the cheating behavior of enterprises and improve the standard of product quality to a great extent, which is a kind of promotion for enterprises to strengthen the research and development of core technologies of new energy vehicles and improve their core competitiveness. Therefore, the government should strengthen the supervision of product quality in the new energy vehicle market, and implement the step subsidy policy, that is, give more financial subsidies to high-quality batteries with longer cruising range, and also improve the efficiency of supervision and the progress of audit and settlement of subsidy funds, so that the subsidy funds can be returned to the first-line enterprises that are actually engaged in R&D as soon as possible.

How does the subsidy policy guide and help the new energy automobile industry

Speaking at the general debate held by the United Nations on September 22nd, the Supreme Leader of president, China emphasized that China’s carbon dioxide emissions will strive to reach the peak by 2030 and be carbon neutral by 2060.

The automobile industry is one of the industries with the highest carbon dioxide emissions. Whether it is metallurgy, chemical engineering, machinery design and manufacturing in the upstream of the whole industrial chain, or transportation, leasing, fossil fuel mining and the life cycle of the automobile itself in the downstream of the industrial chain, a large amount of carbon emissions will be generated.

In addition, as a developing country, China’s automobile industry is also in the stage of rapid development. By 2019, China’s automobile ownership reached 253.9 million, an increase of 21.56 million over the previous year, with a growth rate of 9.3%, and the growth will continue with economic growth. In essence, several new energy automobile manufacturers are traditional automobile manufacturers. The realization of carbon neutrality in automobile industry will be a great guarantee for China to achieve carbon neutrality in 2060. To achieve this goal, it is far from enough to rely on the development of the industry itself and the progress of the market. The government must play the role of a good manager and guide in this process.

In view of the existing subsidy policy of new energy automobile industry in China and the experience of some foreign automobile enterprises that have promised to achieve carbon neutrality, the following suggestions are put forward.

1. The main contradiction in the development of new energy vehicles has changed, and the focus of contradiction in the future development is infrastructure construction. With the large-scale popularization of new energy vehicles and entering thousands of households, the government should be the main promoter of infrastructure construction, either through laws and regulations or through government subsidies.

The financial subsidy policy for the new energy automobile industry should be adjusted with the maturity of the industry itself, and traditional automobile manufacturers should be encouraged to increase investment in the new energy automobile industry and increase the proportion of new energy vehicles. Major traditional automobile brands in Europe are also investing in and researching new energy vehicles. Since the development of new energy vehicles has multiple strategic interests for China, the government should further support the development of new energy vehicle industry.

2. Financial subsidies are limited after all, so the government needs to strengthen the market mechanism design in the subsidy policy while further ensuring financial input, so that new energy vehicles can really be accepted by market consumers.

As the new energy automobile industry in China is still in the development stage, there are still shortcomings in core technologies. Therefore, further financial support is necessary, but we should learn from previous experiences and lessons. On the one hand, we will improve the auditing standards of subsidies for new energy vehicles, such as setting the cumulative mileage index of new vehicles in the next two years, and formulating the policy of step subsidies according to the quality level of batteries, so that subsidies can really flow into enterprises with high-quality new energy vehicles with market competitiveness.

On the other hand, we should fulfill the responsibility of the government as a market supervisor, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, strengthen the dominant position of enterprises in the selection of technical routes, and give better play to the role of the government in the formulation of standards and regulations, quality and safety supervision, etc. After all, financial subsidies can only play an auxiliary role. To truly realize the promotion and development of new energy vehicles, new energy vehicles need to be truly accepted by market consumers.

3. Incorporate the assessment standard based on carbon neutrality goal into the audit system of industry subsidy policy, accelerate the construction of carbon trading market, and help enterprises establish a multi-channel and low-cost carbon emission reduction system.

Financial subsidies play an important role in the current development of new energy automobile industry. We can give full play to the guiding role of subsidy policies, and incorporate the assessment criteria based on carbon neutrality goals into the audit system of subsidy policies for new energy automobile industry, so as to promote the process of carbon neutrality in the industry.

If the automobile manufacturing industry wants to achieve carbon neutrality, it is difficult to achieve it only by its own energy saving and emission reduction, which is determined by its own industry attributes. The whole industrial chain of automobile manufacturing industry has carbon emissions, and it is relatively difficult to reduce the carbon emissions. Many links in the industrial chain, such as chemical industry, machinery manufacturing and metallurgy, have high emission reduction costs. Therefore, it is necessary to speed up the construction of carbon trading market and optimize the allocation of carbon emission resources through market mechanism, so as to maximize the overall benefits of society and improve carbon emission reduction and economic efficiency.

(The author is Dean of China Institute of Energy Policy, Xiamen University)

The head of the Maojia Hotel, who is over eighty years old, joined the chain and became an ＂empty shell＂

　　　 "Let the world know the taste of Hunan." The slogan of Maojia Hotel gives people a feeling of shock as well as shock. However, from Chen Ping’s purchase of Maojiawan in 2007 to Shen Wenzhi’s creation of Maoapo in March this year, Maojia Hotel stepped into the same ditch twice and parted ways with its senior professional managers again and again, showing us the shadow behind its glory.

　　　 In fact, this Hunan enterprise with more than 300 franchise stores in the country is not as beautiful as it seems: there are only four stores all over the country, but only four are directly operated; Since its establishment 25 years ago, its main business is still the simplest brand joining; Tang Ruiren, the head of the company, is over eighty years old. Who can shoulder the heavy responsibility of strengthening the brand and hold the golden signboard? How far can the descendants of the Mao family go?

　　　 After five years’ absence, Maojia Hotel took a detour.

　　　 Maojia Hotel was once the pride of Hunan people. From a small restaurant opposite Mao Zedong’s former residence, it has developed into a catering "giant" all over the country. To outsiders, Maojia Hotel can be described as "brilliant".

　　　 "It’s a big company, right? They have stores all over the country." Zhang Tongxue, who came to Changsha from Hebei to study at a university, said that in addition to KFC and McDonald’s, Maojia Hotel was one of the few restaurants where he felt "intimate" with Changsha. In his hometown of Shijiazhuang, the business of Maojia Hotel is very hot.

　　　 This is not the case. Today, Maojia Hotel can hardly be called an enterprise with "standardized operation".

　　　 In 1987, Tang Ruiren, a neighbor whom President Mao Zedong met in Shaoshan, opened a small restaurant opposite the former residence of the President. With its unique Maojia cuisine, warm service and strong chairman culture, Maojia Hotel became famous in Shaoshan and received many party and state leaders. In 1992, the first franchise store opened in Beijing. Subsequently, I embarked on the road of joining the chain.

　　　 During this period, the Maos were left unattended. Tang Ruiren’s youngest son, Mao Jun, died prematurely in a traffic accident, and his eldest son, Mao Mingjun, was obsessed with music. Although he assumed the position of vice chairman and general manager, he was investing in Shaole.

　　　 On November 29th, Mao Yu, grandson of Tang Ruiren and general manager of Maojia Hotel, admitted to the reporter that his father loved music. Since 2005, Maojia Hotel has been contracted to Jiangxi franchisee Chen Ping. In the following five years, the Mao family hardly intervened in management, and the headquarters of the Mao family hotel was also moved from Shaoshan to Pingxiang, Jiangxi.

　　　 In the past five years, with the rapid expansion, Chen Ping paid attention to numbers, but neglected quality. An Anhui franchisee told reporters that he had not received a phone call from the headquarters for two or three years, and the headquarters of Maojia Hotel had not given any management and supervision. Complaints from franchisees have also increased rapidly.

　　　 In Beijing, Guangzhou and other places, franchisees even removed the signboard of Maojia Hotel and changed it to "Maojiawan". A person who once worked in Maojia Hotel told reporters that Maojia Hotel can be described as an "empty shell", which seems brilliant, but in fact it is full of crises, and Maojia, at present, no one can shoulder the heavy responsibility.

　　　 It runs in the family, how to steer is still in the air.

　　　 On September 14th this year, Mao Mingjun passed away and Tang Ruiren was 83 years old. Who will be the future head of Maojia Hotel?

　　　 A person close to Maojia Hotel said that after the death of Mao Mingjun, Tang Ruiren’s daughter Mao Taozhi served as the vice chairman, monopolizing power, and Mao Yu, the son of Mao Mingjun and the current general manager, had no real power.

　　　 "It doesn’t matter who takes over." Mao Yu said that it may be his aunt, uncle, or he, and it doesn’t matter. The important thing is to make Maojia Hotel develop.

　　　 Culture sets the stage and economy sings opera. This sentence should be very appropriate in the history of the development of Maojia Hotel. At first, relying on the strong chairman culture, it became the "head of Hunan cuisine" and spread all over the country, but the management could not keep up with the pace of expansion.

　　　 Mao Yu said that Maojia Hotel has a distinctive storefront culture, but it lacks a corporate management culture, and he has already started to promote it. In addition, it is also necessary for them to increase the proportion of direct stores. Next year, he is going to open two or three direct stores in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan.

　　　 Mr. Zhang, a citizen of Changsha, said that at the moment when people entered the Maojia Hotel for consumption, people were full of curiosity, but walking by catering was the lasting king. The food was not delicious, and the catering enterprises were zero.

　　　 The above-mentioned insiders prescribed a prescription: Although the signature dishes of Maojia Hotel, such as Mao Shi Braised Pork, Long March Chicken and General Duck, have a good reputation, there is a big difference in taste among the franchisees, and there are fewer stable repeat customers. Only by the unified management of ingredients and technology at the headquarters can the stability of catering be maintained.

　　　 A signboard will be eaten up if it cannot be polished.

　　　 Any family business holding a golden rice bowl will rarely contract in China. Yin Yuanyuan, a professor at Hunan University of Commerce, said that the reason for contracting operations soon after starting is that there are no follow-up management talents and their own management ability is lacking.

　　　 In the face of reporters’ doubts, Mao Yu did not shy away. He said that since 2009, Maojia Hotel has just stabilized, and the gap from an enterprise with standardized operation is not small.

　　　 According to him, in February 2009, when Chen Ping’s contract expired and the operation right of Maojia Hotel returned to Maojia, she still owed 3.88 million yuan in debt. Mao Mingjun invested in Shaole and lost 14 million yuan before and after. Mao Yu said that it was the most difficult time for his family. At that time, they didn’t even know where their franchise stores were.

　　　 Since March 2009, the number of franchisees in Maojia Hotel has grown from more than 180 to more than 300, which is expanding rapidly. An insider said that the franchisees of Maojia Hotel are now located in prefecture-level cities and even towns and villages. "The golden signboard seems to be less and less valuable."

　　　 Indeed, the core business of Maojia Hotel is still joining. However, apart from charging franchise fees and recommending chefs, it has not achieved the goal of selling its own ingredients and food by joining in and extending the industrial chain. In 2008, Maojia Food was founded, and they had this consideration, but the departure of professional manager Shen Wenzhi made the prospect bleak.

　　　 In addition, the lack of direct stores is also the crux of Maojia Hotel. Of the more than 300 stores in the country, only four are completely directly operated stores, among which, Changsha Xiangfu West Store and Yuhua District Government Store, as well as one in Xiangtan, have only opened in the last three years.

　　　 The reporter noticed that today, Mao Yu is responsible for the joining, direct business and distribution company of Maojia Hotel. In 2008, Maojia Food Factory opened, with Maotaozhi as the chairman. In 2011, Maojia Winery was founded, and Mao Taozhi’s daughter Mao Mao was in charge. However, these two businesses are still marginal compared with Maojia Hotel.

　　　 Reporter’s notes

　　　 The inevitable pain from family-run enterprises to manager-run enterprises

　　　 The theory of "three generations dying out" of China’s family business has been circulated in history, that is, "one generation started business, the second generation stayed in business, and the third generation declined". For example, the New Hope Group of the Liu Yonghao family, the Xinjiang Delong of the Tang family, and the wife pharmaceutical industry of the Zhu family have the longest history of more than 20 years.

　　　 Although it is biased to define the family business as "rich but not rich for three generations", most different types of enterprises in the world have closed down within 20 years after their establishment. Just imagine, if Maojia Hotel is spread all over villages and towns, if it is replaced by "Maojiawan" or other brands, if Mao Shi’s descendants do nothing … Maojia Hotel will only become two lines in the history of China catering.

　　　 Under the market economy, the general law of enterprise development, growth and maturity is generally from a small, classical family enterprise to an entrepreneur enterprise and then to a manager enterprise. These three stages, one is more mature and the other is more stable.

　　　 Therefore, the most ideal state of Maojia Hotel may be that family members exist as shareholders, retain the decision-making power in personnel, finance and resource allocation, hire managers with professional ethics to operate traders, and make a steady transition to a more stable manager-style enterprise.

　　　 However, in today’s society that lacks professional ethics, this road seems to be difficult to walk. Family-owned enterprises can only trudge, just as Mao Yu said, he was forced to take over the Maojia Hotel.

　

23 Corvette C8 models were successfully introduced into China, and the price was 2.2 million.

Promotion date: September 13th, 2022 to November 13th, 2022.

The upgrade of the new 23 Corvette C8 6.2 standard cars is all-round: power, magnificence, sound, downforce, grip and so on. Like the entry-level C8, it has no supercharger and electrification equipment at all, and GM says ambitiously that it is the best Corvette ever.

The new 23 Chevrolet Corvette C8, a mid-range supercar with 670 horsepower and 624 Nm, will be officially produced in the summer of 2008, and Tadge Juechter, the executive chief engineer of the eight-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission, frankly explained the real reason why the American supercar, which has always been a front-mounted and rear-driven driver, adopts the mid-range engine layout.

The new 23 Chevrolet Corvette C8 "When we decided to develop the C8 with a mid-engine layout, we didn’t just consider the entry style. Although the C8 Stingray with a 6.2-liter LT2 OHV engine has performed very well, in fact, GM finally decided to open the mid-layout.

The new 23 Chevrolet Corvette C8 is Z06 and the more powerful ZR1— — In fact, launching a naturally aspirated engine in today’s turbocharged and electrified world sounds like a Recaro racing chair suddenly launching a saddle, but this can’t stop Corvette’s old rival, Model 3, from rotating at 9000 rpm.

The naturally aspirated engine of the brand-new 23 Chevrolet Corvette C8 has a fascinating appeal. On the previous generation C7 Z06, GM improved its power by installing a supercharger, but it also heard a lot of feedback with different opinions. Many car owners and fans said that the Z06 should adhere to the traditional direct injection fuel supply device and adjust it, and the fuel injector does not inject fuel at the intake side near the V-shaped valley of the engine).

The brand-new 23 Chevrolet Corvette C8 configuration: 3LT, Z51 performance package, carbon flash 20 wheels, yellow calipers, suede steering wheel, black side skirt, red edge hood, yellow metallic paint, yellow seat belt and yellow stitching. Recently, a small partner excitedly indicated that he had overshot, and the sports car was very cool. I want to know the price of this Wuling God car.

If the new 23 Chevrolet Corvette C8 is converted according to the overseas market price of US$ 112,855, the price of this car converted into RMB overseas is about 730,000 yuan, and the convertible model needs to increase the price by tens of thousands of yuan. However, as we all know, the prices of foreign cars are relatively cheap, and if they are introduced into China, customs duties, transportation fees and various handling fees will be added.

The brand-new 23 Chevrolet Corvette C8 car dealers can double the price of this car after a little hype. It is understood that the price of a C8 car in the parallel import market is about 1.7-2.2 million, and it will be more expensive if users still ask for optional equipment. Although many people like Corvette C8 car, this price can still successfully persuade many audience users.

After all, the brand of the brand-new 23 Chevrolet Corvette C8 is very important for most sports car players. At the same price, many big brands can already be bought for super-running, so Corvette C8 has very little possession in China. People who buy this car are usually people who pursue individuality and are relatively low-key.

Recent progress of foreign intellectual property courts and its enlightenment

　

　　In recent years, with the intensification of international technological competition, Germany, the United States, Thailand, South Korea, Japan and other countries have successively set up national-level IPR appeal hearing mechanisms to protect their own scientific and technological innovations and ensure the unity and certainty of IPR adjudication. By tracing the recent work of foreign intellectual property courts, this paper introduces the progress and related work measures of foreign intellectual property courts in recent years in court establishment, case trial, response to epidemic situation, diversified dispute resolution mechanism, information work, judicial openness and international exchange, with a view to enlightening.

　　I. Basic information on the establishment of overseas intellectual property courts

　　The establishment of early intellectual property courts

　　Before 2020, the specialized intellectual property courts (courts) established around the world mainly include: the German Federal Patent Court established in 1961, the British High Court Patent Court established in 1977, the Korean Patent Court established in 1998, the Singapore Intellectual Property Court established in 2002, the Japanese Intellectual Property High Court established in 2005, the Malaysian Intellectual Property Court established in 2007 and the British Intellectual Property Enterprise established in 2013.

　　In addition, although the scope of the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit established in 1982 is not limited to intellectual property cases, patent civil and administrative cases and the "337 investigation" appeal case of the US Federal Trade Commission are all under its exclusive jurisdiction and constitute the main types of cases it actually accepts.

　　The Thai Intellectual Property and International Trade Court, established in 1997, is not limited to intellectual property cases, but all first-instance intellectual property cases, including civil cases and criminal cases, are under its exclusive jurisdiction.

　　Although the scope of accepting cases by the Finnish Market Court established in 2013 is not limited to intellectual property cases, all intellectual property cases except criminal cases are under its exclusive jurisdiction.

　　Recent establishment of intellectual property courts

　　On July 1, 2020, in order to ensure the uniformity and certainty of the adjudication of intellectual property cases, Poland established a number of specialized intellectual property courts, including four intellectual property courts of first instance and two intellectual property appeal courts, among which technical intellectual property cases were under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Warsaw District Intellectual Property Court.

　　In addition, the establishment of the European unified patent court is progressing closely, and will begin to accept cases after the entry into force of the Agreement on the Unified Patent Court. The entry into force condition of the Agreement on Unified Patent Courts is that the domestic legislatures of at least 13 member countries (including Germany, France and Italy, which hold the most valid patents) approve the Agreement, and the entry into force date is the first day of the fourth month after the last country that meets the entry into force conditions deposits its instrument of ratification.

　　In August, 2021, Germany, as the last country to achieve the conditions for entry into force, ratified the Unified Patent Court Agreement, which will take effect on the first day of the fourth month after Germany deposited its instrument of ratification. It is noteworthy that in order to ensure the smooth transition to the operation stage of the unified patent court after the entry into force of the unified patent court agreement, the provisional application agreement of the unified patent court agreement agreed in part of the unified patent court agreement came into effect on January 19, 2022, and the eight-month provisional application period of the unified patent court agreement has officially started.

　　The European unified patent court has started the final preparatory stage, and its administrative Committee has adopted the rules of European patent litigation qualification regulations, European unified patent court service and personnel regulations, financial regulations and so on; The Advisory Committee responsible for the recruitment of judges in the Unified Patent Court has been established, and the registration of judges has been closed, and about 1,000 applications have been received. Almost all patent judges in Germany and France have signed up for this recruitment activity, and the selection work is currently underway. It is expected that the European Unified Patent Court will be officially put into operation in September 2022 or early 2023.

　　Second, the main work of the recent extraterritorial intellectual property courts

　　In the trial of cases

　　1. The trial of the case

　　The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit accepted 1,511 appeals, 1,456 appeals and 1,582 appeals in 2019, 2020 and 2021 (from September 30 of the previous year to September 30 of that year); 1602 cases, 1568 cases and 1370 cases were concluded respectively. Intellectual property cases accounted for 67% (about 1012 cases), 61% (about 888 cases) and 53% (about 838 cases) respectively. Among them, the patent examination cases from the US Patent and Trademark Office accounted for 43% (about 650 cases), 38% (about 553 cases) and 35% (about 553 cases) respectively; The patent cases from the U.S. federal district court accounted for 22% (about 332 cases), 21% (about 306 cases) and 16% (about 253 cases) respectively. Trademark cases accounted for 2% of the total number of cases received in three years, about 30, about 29 and about 32 respectively.

　　In 2019 and 2020, Japan’s Intellectual Property High Court accepted 259 cases of intellectual property rights (174 cases of first instance and 85 cases of civil appeal) and 221 cases (152 cases of first instance and 69 cases of civil appeal); 254 cases (166 cases of first instance requesting to cancel the ruling and 88 cases of civil appeal) and 224 cases (159 cases of first instance requesting to cancel the ruling and 65 cases of civil appeal) were concluded respectively. In 2019, the average trial period of first-instance cases requesting revocation of the ruling was 8.6 months, and the average trial period of civil appeal cases was 7 months. 9.6 months and 9 months respectively in 2020.

　　In 2019 and 2020, the Korean Patent Court accepted 949 cases of intellectual property rights (836 cases requesting cancellation of administrative rulings and 113 cases of civil appeals) and 797 cases (671 cases requesting cancellation of administrative rulings and 126 cases of civil appeals); 930 cases (801 cases requesting cancellation of administrative ruling and 129 cases of civil appeal) and 877 cases (758 cases requesting cancellation of administrative ruling and 119 cases of civil appeal) were concluded respectively. In 2019, the average trial period of administrative cases was 237 days, and the average trial period of civil appeal cases was 308 days. 251 days and 320 days in 2020 respectively.

　　The German Federal Patent Court accepted 1,548 and 1,505 intellectual property cases in 2019 and 2020 respectively; 1838 cases and 1632 cases were concluded respectively. The average trial period of each court in the German Federal Patent Court is different, among which the average trial period of the invalid court is 27.8 months in 2019 and 32.8 months in 2020; The average trial period of the Technical Appeals Tribunal is 28.5 months in 2019 and 27.9 months in 2020; The average trial period of the court of appeal for utility model patents is 22.9 months in 2019 and 20.9 months in 2020; The average trial period of the Trademark and Design Patent Appeal Court is 22.1 months in 2019 and 21.8 months in 2020; The average trial period of the Legal Appeal Court is 10.4 months in 2019 and 8.4 months in 2020.

　　In 2019, 2020 and 2021, the Intellectual Property and International Trade Court of Thailand accepted 2,838 cases (207 civil cases and 2,631 criminal cases), 2,073 cases (211 civil cases and 1,862 criminal cases) and 554 cases (64 civil cases and 490 criminal cases) respectively; 2,957 cases (217 civil cases and 2,740 criminal cases), 2,078 cases (186 civil cases and 1,892 criminal cases) and 467 cases (53 civil cases and 414 criminal cases) were concluded respectively.

　　2. Relevant important referees in recent years

　　On compensation for damages in patent civil infringement cases.

　　In February, 2020, the Japanese Intellectual Property High Court used the calculation method of damages based on loss of profits in the case of "MTG v. Five Stars" involving the patent infringement dispute of beauty instruments, arguing that the contribution of patents was not considered when calculating damages, and finally the amount of damages was 440.06 million yen.

　　In November 2020, in the case of "Vectura v GlaxoSmithKline" patent infringement dispute, the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit upheld the judgment of the court of first instance that the infringer’s sales of nearly $3 billion was multiplied by the license fee of 3%, and that the infringer compensated the patentee for a total of more than $89 million.

　　In September, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit partially revoked the district court’s judgment in the case of SRI and Cisco, and decided that Cisco Company constituted intentional infringement, bearing twice the punitive damages, and maintaining the district court’s judgment on fully supporting the lawyer’s fees.

　　In September of the same year, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit overturned the judgment of the district court in the case of Lubby Holdings and Henry Chung, arguing that Article 287 of the U.S. Patent Law requires that the patentee must inform the infringer of what acts are suspected of infringement and which patent is infringed by the alleged infringing product. At the same time, The infringer is required to stop the infringement or seek a patent license. Because the patentee in this case failed to provide evidence to meet these requirements, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit overturned the judgment of the district court on the tort compensation caused by the infringer’s infringement before being sued, and sent the case back to the district court for retrial and decided on the tort compensation caused by the infringement after the prosecution.

　　On patentability in patent administrative cases.

　　In February, 2021, in the case of Trustees of Columbia University v. Illumina, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit pointed out that it was obvious to use the known literature to identify the patent unless it was clearly stated that the method of disclosure was not feasible or should not be adopted.

　　On the intersection of patent civil infringement and administrative invalidation procedure.

　　In January, 2021, in the case of ABS and Cytonome, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit dismissed the appeal filed by the accused infringer ABS Company for reconsideration procedure on the grounds that the judgment that the accused infringer did not constitute infringement in both civil cases had become the final judgment and the accused infringer had no interest in the patent invalidation reexamination decision.

　　On the identification of evidence of patent infringement.

　　In April, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit upheld the district court’s judgment that Sharp Company did not constitute patent infringement against Wi-LAN Company, and held that the printed source code of a third-party chip manufacturer did not constitute a business record, and the attached employee statement was prepared in response to the lawsuit, and was not kept during the regular activities, so it could not be used as evidence to prove the infringement.

　　On the protection of pharmaceutical patents.

　　On September 30, 2021, the Korean Patent Court overturned the ruling made by the Korean Intellectual Property Hearing and Appeal Committee, and decided that PEGylated drugs belonged to the new drugs in the drug patent extension system under the Korean patent law system, which expanded the scope of new drugs considered by the Korean Intellectual Property Office, thus being more coordinated and consistent with the scope of new drugs in the drug patent extension system in the United States and the European Union.

　　On October 9, 2020, the German Federal Patent Court decided that the combination of ezetimibe and simvastatin was not innovative drugs in the case of invalid patent supplementary protection certificate for ezetimibe /simvastatin, and revoked the issued EU supplementary protection certificate.

　　On the identification of artificial intelligence inventors.

　　Since 2018, steven tyler, an American scientist, has submitted patent applications to many countries or regions as the inventor of his artificial intelligence system. Law enforcement and judicial organs in various countries are faced with the legal issue of whether the artificial intelligence system is the inventor of the patent. In this regard, different judicial organs present different views.

　　The German Federal Patent Court ruled in November 2021 that although the artificial intelligence system cannot be an inventor of a patent alone, it can be added as an inventor and written in the patent application.

　　In September 2021, the British Court of Appeal also rejected steven tyler’s request to list artificial intelligence as a patent application of a separate inventor. At present, the case has been appealed to the British Supreme Court; In September 2021, the U.S. Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ruled that the artificial intelligence system could not be an inventor under the U.S. patent law.

　　On the contrary, the Australian Federal Court of Appeal ruled in July 2021 that artificial intelligence can be used as a patent inventor according to Australian patent law.

　　In addition, in Japan, South Korea and other countries, the patent issue of the DABUS case is still under review.

　　With the development of artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence has challenged the patent laws and judicial organs of various countries, and whether artificial intelligence can become a patent inventor is gradually being explored and clarified in various countries.

　　Work initiatives

　　1. Work measures to deal with the epidemic situation

　　Affected by the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020, overseas intellectual property courts took timely measures to deal with the epidemic, mainly including the following aspects:

　　The first is to start using remote trial. Japan’s Intellectual Property High Court, Germany’s Federal Patent Court, Thailand’s Intellectual Property and International Trade Court and the UK’s Patent Court all use Microsoft Teams software or the commercial version of Skype software to conduct trials by remote video conference.

　　The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued an announcement in official website at the beginning of the outbreak to suspend off-line court sessions, and changed the cases that really needed to be heard to be held by teleconference, and provided real-time audio live broadcast to the public on official website.

　　The second is to limit the number of courts. The German Federal Patent Court adopts a combination of online and offline trial, that is, the judge and the lawyer of one party are in court, and all other litigants participate in the trial through remote video conference. At the same time, the German Federal Patent Court also issued regulations to limit the number of courts, limiting the number of standard courts with 30 people to 9 and the number of large courts with 90 people to 30.

　　The third is to encourage parties to submit case materials online. Thailand’s Intellectual Property and International Trade Court encourages parties to use the electronic document system and the court’s comprehensive online service system to follow up the status of cases and pay legal fees and other expenses without going to court.

　　The fourth is to amend the rules of civil procedure. In July, 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit promulgated the newly revised Rules of Procedure for the Federal Circuit, including the relevant provisions on the submission of documents by electronic means, and the provisions on the delay of the limitation of action when neither electronic nor on-site paper submission can be made.

　　In addition, the Thai Intellectual Property and International Trade Court announced the new rules of remote trial during the epidemic in time, allowing all civil cases to be litigated online.

　　The fifth is to focus on dealing with the backlog of cases. In order to cope with the backlog of cases caused by the epidemic, the British courts have established courts (also known as "Nightingale Courts") that have been converted from hotels, concert halls or theaters, and hired part-time judges and retired judges to hear cases that have been backlogged due to the epidemic. In an interview, the judge of the British High Court said that except for the early ban due to the epidemic, the patent court almost did not postpone hearing any cases.

　　Sixth, strengthen the protection of trial data and information. In order to cope with the backlog of cases during the epidemic and the fact that judges often take case materials home for processing, the trial data protection team of the British courts published a guide to the protection of trial case data information in April 2020, which stipulated specific norms for the preservation of case materials to prevent the disclosure of trial data.

　　During 2021, some foreign intellectual property courts adjusted epidemic prevention measures. For example, since September of that year, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit began to resume on-site trials of some cases, but made requirements for the number of people participating in the trial, wearing masks, and nucleic acid testing certificates.

　　2. Diversified dispute resolution mechanism

　　On May 25th, 2020, Korea Patent Court signed a memorandum of cooperation with Korea Commercial Arbitration Commission. According to the memorandum of cooperation, the Korean patent court can refer some arbitration cases related to intellectual property rights to the Korean Commercial Arbitration Commission for handling, so as to promote the diversified dispute resolution of intellectual property cases.

　　3. Informatization work

　　The German Federal Patent Court has long joined its own information cooperation project. According to the requirements of related information work, it will realize the electronization of all documents by January 1, 2026 at the latest. This requires the German Federal Patent Court to replace its visualization system that has been used for many years and switch to the visualization trial system agreed in the cooperation project. At present, the German Federal Patent Court is focusing on transferring trial case files to a visual trial system. According to statistics, there are 5,500 directories and 450,000 files to be transferred.

　　4. Judicial openness

　　On August 10, 2020, the Korean Patent Court signed a memorandum of cooperation with the World Intellectual Property Organization, which will provide WIPO with the English version of the intellectual property judicial judgment of the country, thus facilitating foreign parties to obtain the judgment of the Korean Patent Court and improving the influence of the intellectual property trial in the country.

　　Both the Japanese Intellectual Property High Court and the Korean Patent Court have formulated and published the 2020 edition of the court introduction manual and the 2021 edition of the court introduction manual in official website in time, which contains the historical evolution, organizational structure, litigation procedures, research and exchange, case trials and other contents of the court.

　　International exchange

　　On September 17, 2020, the library jointly established by Thailand Intellectual Property and International Trade Court and the World Intellectual Property Organization was officially put into use, and all books and materials were open to judges, lawyers, government agencies and the public. The establishment of the library is one of the important contents of the Cooperation Statement signed by the Thai Intellectual Property and International Trade Court and the World Intellectual Property Organization in 2018.

　　On November 11-12, 2020, the Korean Patent Court held the 6th Global Intellectual Property Court Conference with the theme of "Court, Intellectual Property and Globalization". A total of 500 intellectual property judges, lawyers and scholars from the United States, Britain, Belgium, Australia, Japan and other countries attended the meeting. The topics exchanged in this meeting cover biotechnology patents and software patents, design patent litigation, transnational patent litigation, standard essential patents and other fields.

　　From November 10th to 11th, 2021, the Korean Patent Court continued to hold the 7th Global Intellectual Property Court Conference with the theme of "Court, Intellectual Property and Harmonization" by combining online and offline. The topics exchanged at the meeting covered the latest hot topics such as compulsory patent licensing, the challenge of artificial intelligence to patent law, the protection of computer software copyright, and how to balance the interests of units and employees in job invention-creation cases.

　　In January, 2021, Japan Intellectual Property High Court held the 2020 annual intellectual property judicial seminar online. Judges and lawyers from the United States, Britain, Germany and Japan participated in the discussion and exchange of two themes: "the status quo of equivalent infringement in patent infringement litigation" and "court litigation activities under epidemic situation".

　　In October, 2021, Japan Intellectual Property High Court continued to hold the 2021 judicial seminar on intellectual property, and judges and lawyers from various countries discussed and exchanged two themes: "International comparison of indirect patent infringement" and "using expert knowledge in civil litigation".

　　otherwise

　　In response to the professionalism and complexity of the current trial of technical intellectual property cases, the Korean Patent Court set up a technical consultation expert recommendation committee on July 17, 2020, appointed nine experts from different research institutions as members of the committee, and revised the relevant domestic trial rules. According to the latest trial rules, in the process of hearing technical cases, if the presiding judge needs the support of experts in related technical fields, he can make a request to the Technical Advisory Expert Recommendation Committee, and the Committee will provide experts in related fields according to the request to help the judges hear related technical cases.

　　Third, analysis and enlightenment

　　It has become an international trend to establish an appeal mechanism for intellectual property cases at the national level.

　　Germany, the United States, Thailand, South Korea, Japan and other countries have successively set up national-level IPR appeal trial mechanisms, and have formed a relatively mature IPR trial operation mechanism.

　　Poland also established a centralized trial system for intellectual property cases in July 2020.

　　The European unified patent court, which was established beyond the national level, officially entered the final preparatory stage on January 19, 2022, and it is expected to start its official operation in September 2022 at the earliest.

　　In recent years, the globalization trend of intellectual property litigation around standard essential patents, pharmaceutical patents, artificial intelligence and other fields has become increasingly prominent. The competition among countries for and safeguarding their own jurisdiction, excluding and restricting the jurisdiction of other countries has intensified, and the trend of centralized trial of intellectual property cases has become increasingly obvious. It has become an international trend to establish a unified national or even supranational regional appeal trial mechanism for intellectual property cases.

　　The internationalization trend of intellectual property disputes is becoming more and more obvious.

　　In recent years, in the fields of standard essential patents, medicine, artificial intelligence, etc., many countries are facing the same legal problems at the same time, parallel lawsuits occur from time to time, and the internationalization trend of intellectual property disputes is becoming increasingly obvious. On the one hand, we should continue to pay attention to the extraterritorial dynamics, learn from the useful experience of extraterritorial courts, and broaden our international horizons; On the other hand, it is also necessary to thoroughly investigate the actual situation of scientific and technological enterprises, especially multinational enterprises, and respond to the judicial needs of scientific and technological innovation subjects. It is necessary to strengthen the research on difficult and complicated problems in new fields and new formats of intellectual property, sum up the rules of adjudication in a timely manner in combination with the trial practice inside and outside the region, and timely study the coping strategies of intellectual property problems in new fields and new formats, so as to provide judicial wisdom support for the emerging new and complex problems. In addition, in view of the new problems, new situations and the improvement of intellectual property trial mechanism faced by all countries, it is necessary to increase judicial exchanges and discussions with overseas intellectual property courts, deeply participate in global intellectual property governance under the framework of the World Intellectual Property Organization, and promote the improvement of the international intellectual property governance system.

　　(Author: the Supreme People’s Court)

In 2020, China’s economy will strive for progress and start a new journey —— Experts and scholars look forward to the economic trend of China.

　　Editor’s note: 2020 is the year of building a well-off society in an all-round way and ending the 13th Five-Year Plan. In the face of the complicated situation that risks and challenges at home and abroad are obviously rising, how can China achieve high-quality economic development in the new year? How to activate dormant development potential?

　　Many experts and scholars believe that we should not only see that China is in the key period of transforming the development mode, optimizing the economic structure and transforming the growth momentum, but also see that we have a solid material and technical foundation accumulated for a long time, a super-large-scale market advantage and domestic demand potential, and huge human capital and talent resources. In the future, we will be able to overcome all kinds of risk challenges, and China’s economy will be even more splendid.

　　Feng Qiaobin, Deputy Director of Macroeconomic Research Department of the State Council Development Research Center:

　　The characteristics of economic "gaining momentum" are very obvious

　　Looking forward to 2020, the external environment of China’s economic growth is still complex and severe.

　　From the international environment, 2020 is still in a long-term bottoming period, and the world pattern is uncertain.

　　From the internal environment, the supply-side factors that determine China’s long-term growth have undergone major changes, and the potential economic growth rate has declined. The new kinetic energy represented by the digital economy is growing rapidly, but it is still in a small and scattered stage compared with the traditional kinetic energy. From the demand side, the import and export are unstable, the consumption is stable and slightly slow, the investment has declined, and the pulling force of the "troika" has weakened.

　　More importantly, there are many optimistic and positive factors in China’s economic growth in 2020. Since the end of 2019, countries have taken a series of measures to stimulate and boost the recession, such as the Federal Reserve’s three consecutive interest rate cuts and Japan’s fiscal stimulus plan. These measures are expected to produce practical results in early 2020. At the same time, China is still in the middle and late stage of industrialization and urbanization, the historical depth of economic development is still broad, the supply-side factor conditions continue to upgrade, and the demographic dividend is being transformed into talent dividend and engineer dividend. At the same time, funds are abundant, scientific and technological innovation is changing with each passing day, and the digital economy is moving towards traditional manufacturing, and the whole economy is very obvious.

　　Therefore, the main task of macroeconomic management in 2020 is to continue to create and maintain the overall environment for balanced economic operation. It is necessary to maintain a normal mind about the speed of economic growth, not to be overly worried about short-term fluctuations, and to take more measures to ensure that the macroeconomic operation is in a reasonable range of around 6%.

　　In terms of fiscal policy, we should continue to implement the policy of reducing taxes and fees, and further activate the endogenous motivation of market players. We will issue 3.15 trillion yuan of local government special bonds and launch a number of large projects such as sichuan-tibet railway, which will effectively stabilize the stable operation of China’s economy from the investment side.

　　In terms of monetary policy, while maintaining a reasonable and abundant liquidity, efforts should be made to unblock the transmission mechanism of monetary policy and effectively alleviate the problem of financing difficulties for private enterprises.

　　In addition, strengthen the coordination among fiscal policy, monetary policy, industrial policy, regional policy and employment policy, ensure that China’s economy operates in a reasonable range, create conditions for promoting reform, restructuring and preventing risks, and turn to high-quality development at an early date, successfully complete the tasks of the 13 th Five-Year Plan and the year of building a well-off society in an all-round way, and lay a solid foundation for opening a new journey of modernization.

　　(Reporter Lin Huocan finishing)

　　Zhao Ping, researcher of China Council for the Promotion of International Trade Research Institute:

　　The upgrading of consumption structure has been enhanced.

　　In 2020, the global economy is expected to achieve recovery growth, China’s economy will remain stable and positive, the business environment will continue to improve, the system and mechanism of consumption growth will be further improved, the factors restricting consumption growth will be alleviated, and new consumption highlights will continue to emerge. The annual consumption growth will continue to improve, which will play a fundamental role in the rational growth of economic aggregate and the steady improvement of development quality.

　　From the international situation, global economic growth will be better than that in 2019. According to the forecast of the International Monetary Fund, the uncertain factors of economic growth in emerging economies will fade in 2020, which can offset the negative impact of the slowdown of capital expenditure in developed economies and drive the global economic growth to rebound. It is estimated that the global economic growth rate will increase from 3% in 2019 to 3.6% in 2020, and the global trade growth will return to 3.2%. The warmer global economic situation is conducive to enhancing the supporting role of China’s export-oriented economy in domestic consumption growth.

　　From a policy perspective, the institutional mechanism for promoting consumption growth will be more perfect. In 2020, the country will still attach importance to giving full play to the basic role of consumption. The Central Economic Work Conference clearly stated that it is necessary to guide funds to invest in advanced manufacturing, people’s livelihood construction, infrastructure shortcomings and other fields that benefit both supply and demand, and promote the "double upgrade" of industry and consumption. This is to promote consumption upgrading through the improvement of supply quality and level, so as to smooth the economic cycle between supply and consumption and ensure a smoother consumption growth mechanism.

　　From the perspective of consumption growth, new consumption highlights continue to appear. From January to November 2019, the total retail sales of social consumer goods increased by 8.0% year-on-year. After deducting automobile consumption, the growth rate of retail sales of consumer goods can reach 9.0%. Due to the continuous decline of automobile consumption in 2019, the accelerated adjustment of automobile industry structure and the increasing ability to adapt to consumer demand, the year-on-year decline of automobile consumption in 2020 is expected to narrow, or even turn from negative to positive.

　　At the same time, the motivation for upgrading the consumption structure continues to increase. The overall consumption structure will still maintain the pattern of two-wheel drive of commodity consumption and service consumption. Among them, within the commodity consumption, the characteristics of quality, individuality and diversification are more prominent. While consumers get material satisfaction, they have higher and higher demand for spirit. Pursuing both internal and external cultivation through consumption behavior will become a new trend of consumption. Compared with commodity consumption, the growth rate and proportion of service consumption continue to increase, especially the consumption of transportation, communication, education, culture, entertainment and medical care will still maintain high growth, and the growth rate will be higher than the total retail sales of consumer goods in the same period.

　　(Reporter Feng Qiyu finishing)

　　Zhu Caihua, Deputy Director of Foreign Trade Institute of International Trade and Economic Cooperation Research Institute of Ministry of Commerce:

　　Strong foreign trade foundation and strong toughness.

　　In 2019, China’s foreign trade showed strong resilience and maintained a stable operation in general, under the pressure of economic transformation and the headwind of protectionism. Looking forward to 2020, China’s foreign trade situation is still grim, but its resilience remains the same.

　　First of all, Sino-US economic and trade friction and global value chain reconstruction are still the biggest risks. At present, China and the United States have reached an agreement on the text of the first phase agreement, and the United States has promised to cancel some of the proposed tariffs and tariffs imposed on China. This will help to temporarily improve the bilateral trade between China and the United States. However, it is undeniable that the tariff increase that has not been completely eliminated will still affect the development of bilateral trade between China and the United States, and the uncertainty of US trade policy toward China will bring the risk of global value chain reconstruction.

　　Secondly, global economic growth will pick up and the external market environment will tend to improve. According to the forecast of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the global economy will grow by 3.0% in 2019, which is the weakest year since the international financial crisis. In 2020, it will go out of the bottom and reach 3.4%. If China and the United States can eliminate all tariff increases, this year’s economic growth forecast is expected to be further raised. In addition, the growth expectations of emerging economies, including Argentina, Turkey, Brazil, Mexico and Russia, have improved significantly, providing a good external environment for market diversification.

　　Thirdly, the adjustment of domestic industrial structure is accelerating, and new kinetic energy will provide strong help. At present, China’s economy is transforming from a high-speed growth stage to a high-quality development stage, and a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation continues to deepen. The newly revised Guiding Catalogue of Industrial Structure Adjustment (2019 edition) issued by the National Development and Reform Commission puts the high-quality development of manufacturing industry in a more prominent position, and at the same time emphasizes accelerating the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries and vigorously cultivating and developing emerging industries. This will certainly help the foreign trade industry to change birds, provide new kinetic energy for China’s foreign trade development, and effectively hedge the risks brought about by the transfer of some manufacturing industries.

　　Finally, the measures of "stabilizing foreign trade" continue to land, and the policy effect will be further revealed. In 2019, various "stable foreign trade" policies and measures were introduced in time and effectively landed, which contributed to maintaining a stable operation of foreign trade as a whole. In 2020, the effect of the policy of reducing fees and taxes will continue to appear and the business environment will continue to improve. A series of policies provide all-round and guiding practical guidance and policy framework for China’s foreign trade to achieve high-quality development, which will help to further lay a solid foundation, enhance motivation and expand depth for foreign trade development in 2020.

　　(Reporter Feng Qiyu finishing)

　　Li Changan, Professor of university of international business and economics School of Public Administration:

　　Achieve fuller and higher quality employment.

　　2020 is the year to build a well-off society in an all-round way, and it is also the decisive year to achieve the goal of the first century.

　　Employment is the greatest livelihood. Doing a good job in employment is the premise of ensuring the smooth realization of various economic and social development goals and the objective requirement of practicing the people-centered purpose.

　　In the new year, China’s employment work is facing both rare opportunities and great challenges. The increasingly complex domestic and international situation has brought great uncertainty to the stable development of China’s economy and society, and also brought great difficulties to stabilizing employment. We must be soberly aware that insufficient employment and low quality of employment are the main contradictions in China’s employment field for a long time at present and in the future, and the problem of insufficient employment still exists. At present, judging from the registered unemployment rate in cities and towns and the survey unemployment rate indicators, employment has remained basically stable as a whole. However, this does not mean that the employment pressure will be reduced.

　　In terms of labor supply, China’s urban labor supply will still exceed 15 million in 2020, including about 8.5 million college graduates, plus vocational school graduates and those who will not continue their studies after junior high school and high school, about 7 million people. In addition, nearly 10 million rural laborers are transferred every year, and together with nearly one million urban laborers who are re-employed, the total supply of employment is still very large, and the contradiction between supply and demand is more prominent.

　　At the same time, the problem of low employment quality is more prominent. Although the quality of employment in China has been improved in recent years, the low quality of employment is still a prominent contradiction in the field of labor and employment. This is mainly manifested in the low average wage level of workers, persistent wage arrears, unstable employment, imperfect social security and long working hours. Some workers have a low sense of acquisition, and it is a long way to go to achieve decent employment.

　　To meet the challenge, we must firmly grasp the main contradiction and solve the key problems in the field of employment in the next step of employment work. First of all, we should continue to implement the employment priority policy and realize the coordination between the employment policy and other macro-control policies; Secondly, continue to tap the potential of expanding employment and increase employment opportunities in high-quality development and economic restructuring and upgrading; Finally, we attach great importance to the education and training of the labor force and improve the ability of workers to adapt to changes in the labor market. In this way, the goal of promoting full and higher quality employment can be successfully achieved.

　　(Reporter Han Bingzhi finishing)

　　Guo Liyan, Researcher, Institute of Market and Price, China Macroeconomic Research Institute:

　　There is no basis for overall price increase.

　　From the macro-economic fundamentals, the transformation of old and new kinetic energy of China economy is obviously accelerated, the resilience and vitality of the domestic market are further enhanced, and the economy achieves a dynamic balance between supply and demand at a higher level, which is the key cornerstone for maintaining a stable overall price level. Domestic industrial and agricultural production is stable, the market supply is sufficient, the main grain income is increased, apples, pears and other fruits are high, and the supply capacity of vegetables continues to grow. Although the scale of pig slaughter has declined, the overall supply of meat protein is stable, and there is no basis for overall price increase.

　　At present, the pork reserve has maintained considerable strength and rhythm, the import of meat has been accelerated, the market circulation and supply channels have been fully unblocked, and an efficient and effective combination boxing has been played. In December 2019, the probability of the growth rate of pork prices turning from positive to negative is very high. This is a positive signal released after taking multiple measures to increase the efforts to ensure supply and stabilize prices. In addition, considering the factors such as consumption substitution, the seasonal increase of consumption in 2020 will be obviously less than that in previous years, and it is expected that the price of pork and other meat will hardly continue to rise sharply in the first half of 2020.

　　Taking all factors into account, it is predicted that the overall situation of stable price operation in 2020 is completely predictable, and the CPI is likely to show a trend of high before and low after. In the first half of the year, the high tail-warping has a greater impact, which may support the CPI to run at a higher level, especially when the Spring Festival is in January. The Spring Festival effect will lift the year-on-year increase of CPI at the beginning of the year, but the new price increase range is controllable. The annual CPI increase may be slightly higher than that in 2019, and the core CPI excluding food and energy will remain stable.

　　From the PPI point of view, at this stage, the supply-side structural reform has entered the stage of consolidating and establishing a long-term mechanism. The price increase effect caused by accelerated supply contraction such as quantitative de-capacity and environmental protection and limited production in the early stage has basically been released. In addition, due to the downward fluctuation of international commodity prices, it is expected that the prices of upstream industrial raw materials will remain at a low level for some time in the future. At present, the counter-cyclical adjustment policy is making efforts to improve efficiency, which has played a positive role in boosting infrastructure, especially new infrastructure, stabilizing social investment and residents’ consumption expectations. The downstream industrial demand and construction demand have picked up regionally, which has led to a phased increase in the prices of some industrial products such as building materials. It is expected that the PPI will show a slight rebound in 2020 and will remain stable overall.

　　(Reporter Lin Huocan finishing)

　　Ni Pengfei, Director of Urban and Competitiveness Research Center of China Academy of Social Sciences:

　　The property market will operate within a reasonable range.

　　On the whole, on the basis of 2019, the property market will remain in a reasonable range in 2020, and the trend of "steady seasonal change and continuous differentiation" will not change.

　　First of all, there will be no drastic fluctuations in the property market in 2020 without a major policy shift. At present, the interest mechanism of real estate speculation has not been completely eliminated, and financial institutions still tend to invest their funds in the real estate field. At the same time, due to the relatively few investment tools and the lack of export of residents’ funds, some people still use real estate as a hedge tool. Judging from the trend of the real estate market, the existing problems and the impact of the property market on the macro economy, the determination of the state to regulate the property market will not change, and the regulation will not be relaxed in 2020. In the future, with the improvement of regulation system and mechanism, the real estate market will continue to operate within a reasonable range.

　　Secondly, the property market will have ups and downs and fluctuations in individual time periods. In individual months, house prices may increase to some extent, but there may also be negative growth in a certain period of time. In addition, real estate investment may continue to maintain the trend of high before and low after many years. On the one hand, the property market will be in fluctuation due to the impact of external environment, changes in its supply and demand relationship and expected changes. On the other hand, in order to ensure the stable and healthy development of the real estate market, the regulatory policies will be continuously fine-tuned according to the current or future possible changes in the property market — — When the market rises to a certain extent, the regulation will be overweight; When the market drops to a certain extent, the regulation will be relaxed.

　　At the same time, from a spatial perspective, cities will continue to differentiate. For first-and second-tier cities, the upward pressure on the property market will increase in 2020, and the growth rate of prices, sales and investment will fluctuate. However, for third-and fourth-tier cities, the downward pressure on the property market will be further enhanced, and inventory may increase again. It is worth noting that the economy and population of first-and second-tier cities, metropolitan areas, cities with special resources, cities with four or five lines and below, and cities with exhausted resources will continue to differentiate.

　　In addition, from the perspective of real estate market risks, the overall decline is controllable. But at the same time, there is also the possibility of risk amplification in individual areas, links, subjects and regions of the property market. (Reporter Wang Yuchen finishing)

Attention! The latest release of Shaanxi CDC

　　Today (June 1), Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention issued a health reminder for June, especially reminding people to pay attention to novel coronavirus infection, hand, foot and mouth disease, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, brucellosis, rabies, respiratory infectious diseases and food-borne diseases.

　　First, novel coronavirus infection

　　As of early May, XBB series mutants have become the main epidemic strains in Covid-19, China. Compared with the early epidemic branches in Omicron, the pathogenicity of XBB series mutants has not changed significantly. It is suggested that people should continue to do personal protection and health management.

　　Health tips

　　(1) It is suggested that those who meet the requirements should be vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine as soon as possible without any contraindications. The target population of vaccination at this stage is: ① people who are not infected and have not completed the established immunization program. Including uninfected people aged 3-17 who have not completed basic immunization, uninfected people aged over 18 who have not completed the first dose of booster immunization, and uninfected people aged over 18 who have not completed the second dose of booster immunization; ② People who have been infected and have not completed basic immunization.

　　(2) Do a good job in daily protection. Wear masks scientifically, pay attention to hygiene habits, wash hands frequently, pay attention to cough etiquette, gather less, open windows regularly at home and workplace for ventilation, and do a good job in daily hygiene in the room.

　　(3) Strengthen personal health management. Pay close attention to your family and your own health every day. If you have symptoms such as fever, dry cough, fatigue, sore throat, decreased sense of smell, diarrhea, etc., avoid going to school or work with illness, and go to a fever clinic in a nearby hospital as appropriate. Wear a mask all the way to the hospital and try to avoid taking public transport.

　　(4) Once infected with Covid-19, it is recommended not to go out unless necessary, to avoid going to crowded public places, not to participate in gathering activities, and to wear masks all the time. During the period of living at home, infected people should reduce close contact with their roommates, do a good job in self-health monitoring, and see a doctor in time if necessary.

　　Second, hand, foot and mouth disease

　　Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in children caused by enterovirus infection, mostly in children under 5 years old. The monitoring data over the years show that April-July is the main epidemic season of hand, foot and mouth disease in Shaanxi, and it has entered a high incidence period.

Attention! The latest release of Shaanxi CDC

　　Health tips

　　(1) Vaccination with EV71 vaccine can effectively prevent hand, foot and mouth disease caused by EV71 virus and effectively reduce the risk of severe illness and death.

　　(2) Pay attention to hand hygiene, especially before touching the nose and mouth, before meals, after defecation, or after going out and going home, after touching herpes/respiratory secretions, after changing diapers or handling articles contaminated by feces, wash your hands with flowing clean water+hand sanitizer or soap to guide children to master the "seven-step washing method".

　　(3) Pay attention to ventilation, and open the window for ventilation 2-3 times a day. During the epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease, try to avoid taking children to places where people gather and the air circulation is poor.

　　(4) Always change and dry clothes, bedding, towels and diapers; Clean and disinfect toys, personal hygiene utensils, tableware and other items every day.

　　(5) Pay attention to the health status of children. Once there is fever, rash (especially perianal rash) or oral ulcer, go to medical institutions in time. Delayed treatment or misdiagnosis may easily lead to the development of children into severe cases and even lead to death.

　　(6) Nursery institutions should strictly implement measures such as morning and afternoon check-up, absence from class due to illness, epidemic report, ventilation and disinfection, etc., report sick children in isolation in time, and do a good job in the discovery, response and disposal of aggregated and outbreak epidemics.

　　Iii. Epidemic hemorrhagic fever

　　Hemorrhagic fever is a natural epidemic disease caused by Hantavirus, with rodents as the main source of infection, and the incidence rate is high among farmers who often work or have activities in the field. In the recent summer harvest season, outdoor activities and field work have increased the chances of contact with rodents and their pollutants. It is recommended that the masses do a good job in protection.

　　Health tips

　　(1) Vaccination is the most important and effective measure to prevent hemorrhagic fever. Vaccination should be carried out in time and in the whole process according to relevant vaccination requirements.

　　(2) Strengthen personal protection and develop good hygiene habits. Try to avoid contact with rats and their excreta pollutants, and don’t stay overnight in outdoor places such as orchards to prevent mites from biting; Rodent control measures can be implemented for a long time in key places such as villages, orchards, vegetable gardens and farms.

　　(3) Do not eat cold food, water, etc., especially those contaminated by rodents; Wear masks, hats and gloves when cleaning up messy things and wastes (such as straw and corn stalks).

　　(4) In case of fever, muscle soreness, skin bleeding and other symptoms, you should go to the hospital in time.

　　Fourth, brucellosis

　　Brucellosis (brucellosis for short), also known as lazy disease, is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by brucellosis. Sheep, cattle and pigs suffering from brucellosis are the main sources of brucellosis in human beings, and it is clinically characterized by long-term fever, sweating, fatigue, joint pain, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy.

　　Health tips

　　(1) Buy sheep from a regular sheep farm without brucellosis epidemic, and conduct quarantine and immunization on the sheep regularly.

　　(2) Livestock should be kept in captivity, separated from humans and animals, avoiding water sources, and not scattered and mixed.

　　(3) Occupational people engaged in livestock breeding, fur and milk meat processing, veterinarians, etc., should take personal protection in the process of occupational contact such as breeding, wear work clothes, masks, rubber gloves and other protective articles, and do not directly contact with sick livestock products. At the same time, Ying Qin should wash hands and disinfect, change clothes, maintain environmental hygiene, and conduct regular physical examination, and treat suspicious symptoms in time.

　　(4) Pay attention to food safety, do not drink raw milk or eat raw meat, and separate raw and cooked chopping boards when cooking.

　　Five, rabies

　　Summer is the high incidence of dog injuries. The sultry weather can easily make dogs fidgety and impulsive. At the same time, people wear thin clothes in summer and are easily bitten and scratched by dogs.

Attention! The latest release of Shaanxi CDC

　　Health tips

　　(1) Scientifically manage pets. Families who keep pets should apply for dog registration certificate, vaccinate their pets in time, and keep their pets in captivity, and don’t abandon them at will.

　　(2) When walking dogs, dog chains, muzzle covers and dog cages should be used to control the range of activities and behaviors of dogs and avoid the occurrence of dog injuries.

　　(3) Avoid contact with wild animals and stray animals, do not tease and play with cats, dogs and other animals, do not disturb dogs that are eating, sleeping or caring for their cubs, and do not let animals lick skin wounds.

　　(4) After being bitten by dogs, cats and other animals, you should go to the nearby standardized dog injury treatment clinic as soon as possible.

　　(5) In contrast, children are more dangerous to be bitten. The bitten wound is deep and serious, and the closer it is to the head, neck, face and hands, the more dangerous it is, which requires special attention. It is necessary to strictly wash the wound, inject immunoglobulin, choose more efficient vaccine and vaccinate according to the procedure.

　　Six, respiratory infectious diseases

　　June is still the high incidence season of respiratory infectious diseases such as mumps, scarlet fever, chickenpox, rubella and measles, and schools and kindergartens should be alert to the outbreak of the epidemic.

　　Health tips

　　(1) Vaccinate infectious diseases such as measles, chickenpox, mumps, etc. which are prevented by vaccines in time and in the whole process according to relevant vaccination requirements.

　　(2) Pay attention to good personal hygiene habits, wash your hands frequently, cover your nose and mouth with paper towels when sneezing and coughing, and do not touch your eyes, mouth and nose with your hands. Wash and dry clothes and bedding frequently.

　　(3) Open the window regularly for ventilation several times every day to keep the indoor air fresh.

　　(4) Try to avoid going to crowded places, wear a mask when there are symptoms such as fever, sore throat and cough, and reduce contact with others.

　　(5) Schools and child care institutions should focus on preventing small-scale outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases, strengthen environmental sanitation and ventilation and disinfection of classrooms in schools, and implement measures such as morning and afternoon inspection, absenteeism registration and epidemic report.

　　Seven, food-borne diseases

　　The weather is getting hotter and hotter, and the rising temperature creates conditions for the proliferation of bacteria, food is more prone to decay and deterioration, and food-borne diseases have also entered a high incidence period.

　　Health tips

　　(1) Develop good personal hygiene habits, wash your hands before and after meals, after touching dirty things and before processing and making food, and disinfect tableware regularly.

　　(2) canteens and families should strictly control the quality of food, and must not buy spoiled poultry, eggs, meat and aquatic products for the sake of greed.

　　(3) Pay attention to kitchen and food hygiene, and separate raw and cooked chopping boards when cooking; Do not eat food that is not thoroughly cooked, and do not drink unclean raw water; Eat as much food as possible, eat little or no leftovers, and put them in the refrigerator if there are any leftovers. When eating out, you must pay attention to choosing a regular restaurant or restaurant with good sanitary conditions.

　　(4) Pay attention to insects and rats indoors, and strengthen the sanitary management of feces, garbage and sewage.

　　(5) If there are symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain and bloody stool, you should go to the hospital in time.

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　　Source: Shaanxi CDC

　　Editor | Long Yi

　　Edit | He Ye

[Editor in charge:

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A major breakthrough in non-invasive prenatal screening technology for fetal monogenic diseases

January 22, 2024, Academician Huang Hefeng, together with researchers from Zhejiang University and Fudan University, published the latest clinical research results in Nature Medicine, entitled Prospective Prenatal Cell-Free DNA Screening for Genetic Conditions of Heterogeneous Etiology. Using a new generation of non-invasive prenatal screening technology developed by our team, the clinical effectiveness of prenatal screening for fetal chromosomal diseases, microdeletion microreplication syndrome and monogenic diseases was verified in a prospective multicenter cohort study.

In this study, an innovative comprehensive non-invasive prenatal screening technology-synergistic allele-targeted enrichment sequencing was used to comprehensively screen different types of fetal genetic variation by detecting free DNA in maternal plasma. Studies have shown that this comprehensive non-invasive prenatal screening can accurately identify the fetal pathogenic variation at chromosome and monogenic level in high-risk pregnancy, which may improve the prenatal risk assessment of heterogeneous causes of genetic diseases, realize more accurate prenatal and perinatal medical management, and fill the gap in prenatal screening for new dominant monogenic diseases.

Research publication link:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02774-x#citeas

Academician Qiao Jie, Executive Vice President of Peking University/Director of Medical Department, Academician Yang Zhenglin, Dean of Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Dean of Chongqing Women and Children Hospital (Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Hospital), and Qi Hongbo, Chairman-designate of Perinatal Branch of Chinese Medical Association, commented on this achievement.

Academician Qiao Jie pointed out in his comments, "The biggest innovation of this clinical study by Academician Huang Hefeng is to include monogenic diseases in the scope of non-invasive prenatal screening. This progress not only significantly improves the detection rate of fetal genetic diseases, but also provides safer, timely and accurate information for pregnant women and doctors in the decision-making and management of pregnancy, marking an important breakthrough in the field of genetic diseases and birth defects prevention and control."

Academician Yang Zhenglin pointed out in his comments that "the dominant monogenic disease caused by new mutation is the weak link in the current prenatal screening, and it is an inevitable trend for NIPT to include it in the comprehensive screening of fetal cfDNA. The research of Academician Huang Hefeng’s team not only proposed a novel and efficient technical path, but also demonstrated the clinical effectiveness of related technologies, providing important theoretical and practical basis for further improving prenatal diagnosis and prevention and treatment of hereditary birth defects. "

Dean Qi Hongbo pointed out in his comments, "This three-in-one comprehensive screening method has significantly improved the detection rate and demonstrated high accuracy, which proves its great potential in clinical application. If this method can be popularized in clinic, it will effectively fill the gap in prenatal screening for dominant monogenic diseases, which is of great practical significance for improving China’s prenatal screening system and prevention and control of birth defects. "

What is prenatal non-invasive screening?

Noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS): It is a kind of prenatal screening technology. The screening targets are mainly trisomy 21, trisomy 18 and trisomy 13, which are common fetal chromosomal diseases. After 2013, it quickly integrated into the prenatal screening system and became the most effective and widely used prenatal screening method.

At present, non-invasive prenatal screening (NIPS) detects aneuploidy or microdeletion/microdeletion syndrome by analyzing fetal free DNA(cfDNA) in maternal peripheral blood. Because most of the maternal plasma cfDNA comes from the mother, it is difficult to detect fetal specific variation in high maternal background, and many hereditary diseases can not be detected at present.

What is comprehensive non-invasive prenatal screening technology?

Comprehensive non-invasive prenatal screening (cfDNA comprehensive screening) technology covers three main human genetic variations, namely chromosome aneuploidy, chromosome microdeletion and single gene variation, which expands the detection range of non-invasive prenatal screening and improves the detection accuracy, and is of great significance in the field of prenatal screening.

What did the study find?

The team established a new targeted enrichment method-COATE-SEQ (Figure 1), which realized multi-dimensional analysis of maternal and fetal free DNA, solved many technical defects of the first generation NIPT, and realized non-invasive prenatal detection of fetal chromosome aneuploidy, chromosome microdeletion syndrome and monogenic genetic disease at the same time for the first time.

Figure 1 New generation NIPS technical process

This study evaluated the clinical effectiveness and increased detection efficiency of this new generation NIPS technology through a multicenter prospective clinical study lasting nearly 2 years.

During the period from April 24th, 2021 to September 10th, 2022, 1191 pregnant women (age ≥20 years, single pregnancy ≥12 weeks, abnormal fetal structure (including NT≥3mm), high risk of NIPT or maternal serological screening, or high risk of genetic diseases due to previous pregnancy history) from three maternity hospitals in different provinces of China were included in the study, and all the participants underwent a comprehensive prenatal cfDNA screening. Finally, the screening results of 1,090 pregnant women who met the criteria for ovulation were analyzed. Pathogenic genetic variation was detected in 135 cases (12.4%) of pregnancy through comprehensive cfDNA screening, which was confirmed by diagnostic tests, including 89 aneuploidies, 9 microdeletions and 37 single gene variations (Figure 2). Compared with the current standard screening for chromosomal abnormalities (NIPT), the detection rate of diagnostic genetic variation in comprehensive cfDNA screening increased by 60.7%, the sensitivity was 98.5% (95% CI, 94.3%-99.7%), and the specificity was 99.3% (95% CI, 98.4%-99.7%).

Figure 2 Detection rate of genetic variation in pregnancy with abnormal fetal structure

Among 876 cases of pregnancy with abnormal fetal structure, 98 cases (11.2%) detected diagnostic gene variation. Among them, 42 cases were autosomal aneuploidy (42.9%), 13 cases were sex aneuploidy (13.3%), 6 cases were microdeletion (6.1%) and 37 cases were single gene (37.8%). B in 876 cases of pregnancy with abnormal fetal structure, the detection rate of diagnostic genetic variation was the highest in lymphatic or hydrops abnormalities (36.9%), followed by skeletal abnormalities (24.7%) and multiple system abnormalities (23.3%). The highest detection rate of chromosomal abnormalities was lymphatic or hydrops abnormalities (32.6%), followed by multiple system abnormalities (19.2%), thickening of the transparent layer behind the neck (8.8%), heart defects (5.7%) and craniofacial abnormalities (5.7%). The highest detection rate of single gene abnormality is skeletal abnormality (23.5%), followed by lymphatic or hydrops abnormality (4.3%), multi-system abnormality (4.1%), FGR(2.9%) and brain developmental abnormality (2.2%).

What is the significance of this research?

Incorporating chromosome aneuploidy, chromosome microdeletion syndrome and monogenic genetic diseases into fetal cfDNA screening is beneficial to prenatal diagnosis, can be used as an auxiliary tool for early identification in the first trimester of pregnancy, supplement the current imaging-based methods, and is also beneficial to prenatal screening and perinatal management. When pregnant women with abnormal fetus choose to continue pregnancy and refuse invasive surgery, this screening becomes particularly important. Comprehensive NIPS screening can provide more accurate prenatal screening for a wide range of hereditary diseases and provide valuable help for risk assessment and timely management of pregnancy.

Correspondents of this study are Zhejiang University/Director of Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics/Academician Huang Hefeng and Researcher Zhang Jinglan of Fudan University, Zhang Dan of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang University Medical College, Xu Chenming of Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Fudan University and Wang Hua of Hunan Children’s Hospital. The co-first authors are Luo Qiong, the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang University Medical College, Wu Yiting and Chen Songchang, the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, and Xi Hui, the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hunan Province. Chen Yuan, Jiang Ying, Chen Panpan, Liu Yifeng and Dong Min Yue also participated in the study.

It is the eternal pursuit of the development of non-invasive prenatal screening and the long-term research and development goal of the medical community to screen more kinds of important fetal genetic diseases simultaneously with a tube of maternal peripheral blood more accurately and efficiently.

Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine is the leading unit of Zhejiang Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Zhejiang Fetal Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Zhejiang Prenatal Diagnosis (Screening) Quality Control Center, Zhejiang Obstetric Medical Quality Control Center, Zhejiang Critical Pregnant Women Treatment Center, Zhejiang Remote Fetal Heart Monitoring and Interpretation Center, Zhejiang Labor Analgesia Technical Guidance Center, Zhejiang Maternal and Child Nursing Specialist Nurse Training Base and other institutions.

Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine is a national key clinical specialty, a key (supporting) discipline in Zhejiang Province, and the leader unit of Zhejiang perinatal health care cooperation group. The annual delivery volume exceeds 20,000 person-times, among which the high-risk pregnancy exceeds 80%, the proportion of serious, difficult and critical cases exceeds 35%, and the success rate of maternal rescue basically reaches 100%. It has formed sub-specialties such as maternal medicine, fetal medicine and general obstetrics, and opened more than 20 specialty clinics such as fetal medicine clinic, prenatal diagnosis consultation clinic and gestational diabetes clinic. It has a very high rescue success rate for difficult and critical patients such as pregnancy complicated with refractory heart failure, pre-eclampsia critical state, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, amniotic fluid embolism, adult respiratory distress syndrome, severe prenatal hemorrhage and severe postpartum hemorrhage. In the basic and clinical research of pregnancy-induced hypertension, the diagnosis and treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, the treatment of intrauterine growth retardation, the prognosis evaluation of intrauterine brain diseases and intrauterine kidney diseases, intrauterine fetal surgery such as fetal mirror, delivery room surgery, gestational diabetes mellitus, various fetal intrauterine monitoring, painless delivery and other fields, fruitful results have been achieved; He has accumulated rich clinical experience and management ability in premature delivery, premature rupture of membranes, twins, cervical incompetence, early-onset preeclampsia and early-onset intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. It is an early large-scale unit in China to carry out prenatal diagnosis and fetal monitoring, and has established a prenatal screening system-prenatal diagnosis system-prenatal diagnosis management system.To make a multi-level cross-study on complicated and difficult fetal birth defects.

Source | Zhejiang University Women’s Hospital

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Tesla Model Y suddenly cut the price by10,000! Owner’s rights protection： refund me 10 thousand yuan

　　A few days ago, Tesla officially announced that it would order to pick up the car before the end of the year. The final payment of the Model Y rear-drive version and the long-life all-wheel drive version was reduced by 10,000 yuan, and the price started at 239,900 yuan. The sudden price reduction of Tesla Model Y made the old car owners who had just picked up the car dissatisfied, and the car owners once again staged the story of "protecting rights by reducing prices".

Ranger network

　　A few days ago, a number of Tesla Model Y owners posted the "Tesla Price Reduction Rights Protection Statement" on the Internet.

Ranger network

　　An activist car owner introduced that he ordered a Model Y in Tesla’s official sales channel on November 3, 2024, and successfully paid the full amount of the final payment under the constant urging of sales and delivery personnel. The car was picked up on November 16.

　　However, less than ten days after picking up the car, that is, on November 25, Tesla officially announced that it would cut the price of Model Y by 10,000 yuan, which seriously damaged its economic interests.

　　The owner introduced that he repeatedly confirmed the price and preferential policies to the sales staff during the car purchase. The other party replied that it was the lowest price after receiving the subsidy, but Tesla’s sudden price reduction made him suffer unnecessary economic losses.

　　The rights-defending car owner asked Tesla officials to give him reasonable compensation and explanation, refund 10,000 yuan lost due to price reduction, or provide equivalent compensation such as vehicle upgrade service or extended warranty.

　　At present, Tesla has not responded to the demands of rights-defending car owners.

Ranger network

Some edema comes from heart disease？ There are many reasons for edema of lower limbs, so we should be vigilant.

　　Li yonglei

　　For "edema", most people will recognize it. The simplest way is to press the affected area with your hand. If the skin sags into a small pit and cannot recover immediately, it is "swollen". After living at home for more than two months, many middle-aged and elderly people have similar edema. What needs to be vigilant is that the causes of edema are not only the obvious reduction of exercise and the high age of the family, but also some pathological reasons may be hidden.

　　Clinically, "edema" generally refers to edema of lower limbs, mainly manifested as swelling of limbs, which starts at the ankle and then spreads to the whole lower limbs, and sometimes occurs in the limbs, but edema of lower limbs is the most common.

　　Why does kidney disease cause edema?

　　Mr. Ma has always felt weak waist recently, and his urine is dark and frothy. When he took off his socks, he found obvious indentation on his calf. After seeing a doctor, he was diagnosed with hematuria, proteinuria, moderate hypertension and other problems, and was later diagnosed as acute glomerulonephritis. The edema in the patient’s leg is the secondary edema caused by renal disease.

　　Edema can be caused by many reasons, and different edema has different characteristics. Edema caused by kidney diseases is called nephrogenic edema. Nephrogenic edema is the most common cause of edema in clinic, and it is also one of the common symptoms of kidney diseases. Why can kidney problems lead to edema? There are two main reasons: first, the filtration function of glomerulus to water and sodium decreases, while the renal tubule reabsorbs water and sodium well, which leads to the retention of water and sodium, which is often accompanied by the increase of capillary permeability in the whole body, so the water in the interstitial space is retained; Second, a large amount of proteinuria in the body leads to low plasma protein.

　　Nephrogenic edema first occurs in loose tissues, such as ankles, eyelids or face, which is most obvious in the morning and can spread to lower limbs and the whole body in severe cases. It is characterized by being soft and easy to move, showing concave edema in clinic, that is, depression can occur when pressing local skin with fingers.

　　Clinically, nephrogenic edema is mainly divided into nephrotic edema and nephritis edema.

　　Nephrotic edema mainly refers to nephrotic syndrome. In addition to systemic edema, patients also have a lot of proteinuria, hypoproteinemia and hyperlipidemia. All causes of nephrotic syndrome, including primary causes (minimal change nephropathy, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangial capillary glomerulonephritis, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) and secondary causes (allergic purpura, systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis B virus-associated nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, renal amyloidosis, myeloma nephropathy) can cause nephrotic edema.

　　Nephritis edema mostly starts from eyelid and face, mainly seen in patients with acute glomerulonephritis. In addition to edema and hypertension, the patient’s clinical manifestations are also urine changes, such as hematuria, proteinuria, red blood cell cast, oliguria, etc. After the acute phase, the edema can subside.

　　For such patients, early treatment is the key, and the overall treatment principles are as follows:

　　1. Restrict sodium salt intake: Both nephrotic edema and nephritis edema have sodium and water retention, so sodium salt intake must be restricted, but it should be appropriate to avoid hyponatremia;

　　2, diuresis: when necessary, using diuretics while limiting sodium can promote sodium and water discharge to relieve edema, and can relieve hypertension and reduce heart load;

　　3, control proteinuria: proteinuria must be controlled for nephrotic edema, and immunosuppressive drugs (dexamethasone, prednisone, etc.) can be used to restore the normal permeability of glomerulus;

　　4, under the guidance of a doctor, supplement plasma protein.

　　Some edema comes from heart disease.

　　Ms. Liu, 75, has a history of hypertension for many years, but she believes that she is in good health and does not take medicine regularly. After catching a cold two weeks ago, I felt weak, palpitation, obvious swelling of my feet, and it was difficult to wear shoes. After coming to the hospital, he was diagnosed as hypertension, coronary heart disease and heart failure by the Department of Cardiology.

　　Ms. Liu, a patient with hypertension, suffered from heart disease and heart failure after catching a cold. It is due to the edema of lung congestion tissue, the increase of airway resistance and the decrease of alveolar elasticity, resulting in dyspnea, which is to say that breathing is fast and shallow. In fact, clinically, most hypertension will be combined with various types of heart disease, and at the same time, different stages of heart disease may be accompanied by different degrees of hypertension. Poor long-term control of hypertension can cause changes in heart structure and function, which is called hypertensive heart disease. Studies have shown that 70% of heart failure is caused by hypertension, and there may be related cardiac complications such as coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation. In the early days, patients are prone to fatigue dyspnea, such as when going upstairs, carrying loads, buying food, and even when looking after children. Some people will have paroxysmal dyspnea at night, which usually occurs 1-2 hours after falling asleep. Patients wake up because of tightness and shortness of breath, and may have cough and foam-like sputum. Those with mild symptoms can relieve themselves and live as usual during the day, while those with severe symptoms can continue to attack and cough pink foam-like sputum.

　　Then, how is edema related to high blood pressure and heart disease?

　　Recently, many patients who came to the hospital due to edema of lower limbs were admitted to the clinic, and some of them were diagnosed as cardiogenic edema. Cardiogenic edema is the body edema caused by cardiac dysfunction. The disease can present systemic or localized edema, which first manifests as decreased urine volume, heavy limbs and increased weight, and then gradually appears edema of lower limbs and whole body. Under normal circumstances, the patient’s ankle first appears sunken edema, which gradually develops into systemic edema. Accompanied by right heart failure, patients will also have other symptoms and signs, such as palpitation, asthma, jugular vein distension, hepatomegaly, and even pleural effusion and ascites. The principles of treating cardiogenic edema are cardiotonic, diuretic and heart protection.

　　In heart diseases, heart failure is the most common cause of limb edema. Due to the different concentrations of protein and salt in blood and surrounding tissues, when blood circulation is blocked, the surrounding tissues can easily absorb the liquid in blood excessively, resulting in edema. However, leg swelling caused by heart disease develops relatively slowly, and many elderly people only notice the abnormality because their feet are swollen and they can’t wear shoes. Cardiogenic edema of lower limbs does not need deliberate treatment, and the heart function is restored, and the symptoms of edema can naturally be significantly improved.

　　Mosquito bites can also cause edema of lower limbs.

　　Recently, Mr. Wang was bitten by a bug when he went out for an outing. After scratching his calf wound, he developed redness and edema. He was diagnosed with erysipelas after seeing a doctor.

　　Erysipelas is an infection involving superficial lymphatic vessels of dermis, and the main pathogenic bacteria are group A β Streptococcus hemolyticus Any inflammation of the skin, especially the inflammation with chapped or ulcerated skin, can be a way for pathogenic bacteria to invade the human body. Mild abrasions or scratches, injuries outside the head, unclean umbilical cord ligation and chronic leg ulcers may all lead to this disease.

　　Infected with erysipelas, why does the lymphatic system have edema?

　　Lymphatic system is a resource recovery and antivirus system of human body, which is widely distributed in human body. Lymphogenic edema mainly refers to the proliferation of subcutaneous fibrous connective tissue after repeated infection of soft tissue fluid on the body surface caused by the obstruction of lymph reflux in some parts of the body. If limbs are involved, it will be thickened, and the skin will be thickened, rough and tough like elephant skin in the later stage, also known as "elephant skin swelling".

　　Lymphatic dysplasia or infection can cause swelling of tissues in the corresponding area. There are also some people who have slight abnormalities in the development of blood vessels in their lower limbs and are more prone to edema symptoms. We usually analyze the condition of patients’ lymphatic system by puncturing subcutaneous edema tissue fluid. The protein content of lymphedema fluid is usually very high, ranging from 1.0 to 5.5g/dl, while the protein content of edema tissue fluid with simple venous stasis, heart failure or hypoproteinemia is 0.1 to 0.9g/dl. However, this method can’t understand the lesion site and function of lymphatic vessels, and it is necessary to determine the development or obstruction of lymphatic vessels by lymphangiography.

　　Thromboedema of cardiac vein in patients with low back pain

　　Mr. Liu is obese, has irregular meals and stays up late for a long time. He is a lover of carbonated drinks and has a history of lumbar muscle strain and lumbar disc herniation. In recent days, he suffered from swelling and pain in his unilateral calf, which was obvious after sitting and standing, but did not relieve obviously after lying in bed. After examination by a doctor, deep venous thrombosis has formed in his lower limbs.

　　Seeing the doctor’s diagnosis, Mr. Liu was puzzled and felt that the thrombus came suddenly. Actually, it is not. He is obese, does little exercise, stays up late, and has an unreasonable diet. These factors will easily lead to an increase in blood viscosity. In addition, he suffers from waist disease, and will stay in bed and take medicine when the pain attacks. Staying in bed for a long time will make the blood flow slow, the muscles will not pump enough blood, and it is easy to form a thrombus. At the same time, although taking medicine relieved waist inflammation, it also concealed other symptoms, thus delaying the opportunity to see a doctor. Therefore, we remind patients with lumbar diseases to pay attention to the phenomenon of edema in limbs.

　　Venous thromboedema is common after surgery, trauma, long-term bed rest and long-term desk workers. The vast majority of venous thrombosis of lower limbs is painful first and then swollen, and the more swollen it is, the more painful it is. The most common harm of this disease to human body is pulmonary embolism caused by blood clots falling off, which leads to death. Some blood clots may also cause cerebral thrombosis, renal thrombosis and intestinal thrombosis. The degree of harm mainly depends on the proportion of blood vessel blockage and the shape of thrombus. After regular anticoagulation and anti-inflammatory treatment, a considerable number of patients’ conditions can be stable, and regular medication can be taken later. For those with serious blood vessel blockage and the risk of thrombus falling off, timely surgery is needed. At present, the implantation of inferior vena cava filter is the main method to prevent fatal pulmonary embolism caused by thrombus shedding in acute stage, and it is a minimally invasive operation by interventional method. If thrombus is ablated after anticoagulant therapy, surgery can be avoided; If the patient has persistent high fever, sepsis, uncontrollable infection and irreversible necrosis of lower limbs, it may be necessary to consider amputation.

　　Generally speaking, there are many reasons for edema of lower limbs, which cannot be enumerated here. For healthy people, we suggest that you do the following three things in your daily life to avoid edema as much as possible. First, exercise moderately, avoid sitting and lying for a long time, and pay attention to moving the lower limbs when flying for a long time; The second is to supplement water properly and eat fruits and vegetables reasonably to avoid blood viscosity; Third, those who suffer from physical injuries due to diseases or various reasons, and need to use anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant drugs for prevention under the guidance of professional doctors, should follow the doctor’s advice and take drugs correctly.

　　(Author: Beijing Longfu Hospital)

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